The Causation Of Child Molestation - 1322 Words

Causation of Child Molestation There are several different types of abuse, from sexual abuse to verbal abuse etc. Many happen within our own homes and the act is very unnoticeable. People being sexually attracted to children used to account for a very small percentage of people. However, as time continues more child sexual offenders are being reported. As time continues more children are facing the experience of being molested. Child sexual abuse faced not only in the United States but also around the world affects many children. The use of different terms such as pedophilia, child molestation, and sexual abuse are used to express the crime that happens to the young kids of the world. â€Å"A pedophile is a person who has a sustained sexual orientation toward children, generally aged 13 or younger† (Blanchard, 2005). â€Å"A child molester is any older child or adult who touches a child for his or her own sexual gratification and child molestation is the act of sexually touch ing a child† (Child Molestation Research and Prevention institute, 2016). There are many children affected by child molestation and sexual abuse, according to the U.S. Department of Justice, â€Å"In a 2012 maltreatment report, of the victims who were sexually abused, 26% were in the age group of 12–14 years and 34% were younger than 9 years.† (U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2000). While there is no debate on whether or not child molestation is looked downShow MoreRelatedThe Never Ending Search For An Answer888 Words   |  4 Pagesand biological predispositions that may have made her more susceptible to provocation. These aspects can be further scrutinized by focusing on the trait theory of criminology. The trait theory focuses on the abnormal biological and psychological causations of criminal behaviors (Siegel, Larry 2011). It is well known that Wuornos had grown up in a hostile environment, void of love, safety, and care. Wuornos’ parents abandoned her, her grandparents abused her; she had never a genuine attachment figureRead MoreCrimes Against Children1739 Words   |  7 Pages Techniques for Successful Outcomes ABSTRACT Child abuse clearly has a negative impact on children and can result in behavioral, cognitive, emotional, and developmental difficulties. This may lead to greater difficulties later in life that will extend into adulthood. The use of proper investigation techniques and appropriate handling of cases, however, can result in less traumatization for child abuse victims. I. Introduction AccordingRead MoreTheories of Sexual Offending2501 Words   |  11 Pagesoffspring (Bennell et al., 2011). Even with an understanding of evolutionary psychology, it does not explain why some people still commit sexual assault today. We need to look at what factors are involved. There are two different levels of causation: proximate and ultimate. Proximal causes are immediate influences, operating over the short term and driving the behaviour, for example, intoxication, sexual arousal or feeling the need to dominate someone. Proximate causes refer to the immediateRead MoreFoster Care Essay1822 Words   |  8 PagesWhile many do have underlying issues surrounding their history of abuse or neglect, many would be just like any other child if their situation were just a little more pleasant (Jefcik). The Foster Care system may seem complicated but in all reality, it is decently straightforward. Firstly, in legal terms, the CPA (Child Placing Agency) determines the environment in which the child/children are living is no longer acceptable/safe according to state standards. Secondly, a judge is assigned to the caseRead MoreRepressed Memories Essay3891 Words   |  16 Pagesabuse. A false memory is created when an event that really happened becomes confused with images produced by trying to remember an imagined event. The term false memory syndrome refers to the notion that illusionary and untrue memories of earlier child abuse can be recalled by adult clients during therapy. In an increasingly polarized and emotive debate, extreme positions have been adopted, on one side by those believing that recovered memories nearly always represent actual traumatic experiencesRead MorePorn and Censorship15240 Words   |  61 Pagesexplicit material has often been thought to be harmful to i ts (mostly male) consumers: for example, by corrupting their morals or by making them less likely to be able to have long-term, loving sexual relationships. Many people strongly object to child pornography: that subset of sexually explicit material that involves depictions of actual children (sometimes as young as one week) engaged in sexual activity. This class of sexually explicit material is widely regarded as objectionable because it

Martin Luther King s Letter From The Birmingham Jail

Martin Luther King preached the realities of what justice truly is. Nearly 50 years later our world is still having trouble with these ideas. There is no doubt that Martin Luther King was an extremely virtuous man. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964, had a Ph.D. in systematic theology, was a baptist minister, and was probably the most recognized person in the civil rights movement. He was assassinated in 1968. The incident as described by Thich Nhat Hanh; I couldn t believe it. I thought the American people had produced a king, but are not capable of preserving him. There is an untestable amount of information describing true Justice in Martin s 1963 letter from the Birmingham Jail. In April 1963 he was jailed for peaceful protest, and charged with parading without a permit. He used this time to address fellow clergy members who called his protest unwise and untimely. The letter is one of the most robust, and well written documents on justice. If you would like to read it, you can do so here. Otherwise I d like to touch on some of the themes we can learn from this letter. Early in the letter, Martin describes four essential steps to a nonviolent campaign. Collection of the facts to determine whether injustice exists Negotiation Self purification Direct Action It s important to realize these steps are sequential, they result from some form of failure during the previous step. Just laws and unjust laws He claims we have not just a legal responsibility, but aShow MoreRelatedMartin Luther King s Letter From Birmingham Jail1690 Words   |  7 Pages1960’s were a time of civil disobedience and protest against the inequalities in America. Specifically, in Birmingham, Alabama, in the year 1962, Martin Luther King Jr. spoke out against the racial inequalities in one of the most famous letters in America’s history: â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail.† This letter was sent to a group of Alabama clergymen who chastised King’s disobedience. The letter was written with the purpose to encourage these eight men to side with King. Martin Luther King Jr.’s knowledgeRead MoreMartin Luther King s Letter From Birmingham Jail1860 Words   |  8 Pagesdisobedience as identified by Martin Luther King is a form of direct action, and an outright refusal to conform to laws as a form of protest. Martin Luther King addresses this method of resistance in his text, â€Å"Le tter from Birmingham Jail†. Martin Luther King Jr personally drafted the text as a response to criticisms made in a statement by clergymen whom apposed King’s nonviolent methods of resistance to continuous issues of racism occurring in Birmingham, Alabama. As expressed by King and described in hisRead MoreMartin Luther King s Letter From Birmingham Jail998 Words   |  4 PagesMartin Luther King, Jr. seldom had time to answer his critics. But on April 16, 1963, he was confined to the Birmingham jail, imprisoned for participating in civil rights demonstrations. â€Å"Alone for days in the dull monotony of a narrow jail cell,† King pondered a letter titled A Call for Unity that fellow clergymen had published pressing him to drop his crusade of nonviolent resistance and to leave the battle for racial equality to the courts. Within that document, King’s fellow clergymen caste himRead MoreMartin Luther King s Letter From Birmingham Jail1562 Words   |  7 PagesDr. Martin Luther King, one of the most influential men in the world, had played a pivotal role during the Civil Rights movement. He led the entire nation in the fight to end segregation, but while trying, he faced many obstacles, one being getting arrested during a rally. While in jail, King had time to respond to the critics of his work in the movement, and he wrote a marvelous, captivating response. In King’s â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail,† he replied and prof essed his emotions to the white clergymenRead MoreMartin Luther King s Letter From Birmingham Jail1509 Words   |  7 Pagespeople to fight for their freedom with words and not their fists. Martin Luther King Jr. used the power of rhetoric during the civil rights movement to gain equality for the black community. MLK was a master of rhetoric and used his knowledge of proper arguments to sway the opinions of people in power to get what he wanted. Even though Martin Luther King includes an abundance of rhetorical devices in the â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail,† he most effectively utilizes ethos and logos, elevating his perceivedRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr. s Letter From A Birmingham Jail1157 Words   |  5 PagesMartin Luther King Jr.’s â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† is directed towards the clergymen, although America is his audience, King had come to Birmingham to address the segregation problem in the United States. He refuses to stay silent, even though people told him to wait for the change to happen. King is a part of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference that has many organizations across the South. He felt that he has a right to be in Birmingham because his organizations have connections withRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King s Letter From Birmingham Jail955 Words   |  4 PagesBy 1963, when Martin Luther King planned a campaign against segregation in Birmingham, Alabama. During the demonstration he was arrested and lives in the jail for eight days. While he was in prison, he wrote his letter from Birmingham Jail to explain his actions and those who urged him to call off the demonstrations. Martin Luther King Jr. Birmingham Jail is important because, he explains the reasons for the non-violent demonstrations, he shows that black people are intelligent, and he criticizesRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr. s Letter From Birmingham Jail934 Words   |  4 PagesIn Martin Luther King Jr.’s , â€Å" Letter from Birmingham Jail†, King responds to the judgments of a group of clergymen , after King s arrest, by writing a letter explaining why the clergymen s judgments were wrong. In his letter, king brings very reasonable and valid points that challenge the judgments of the ministers. The main arguments that king makes would be the reason of his existence in Birmingham, white power structure and its racial injustice, and finally why negotiation has brought up impatienceRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr. s Letter From Birmingham Jail1223 Words   |  5 PagesMartin Luther King, Jr.’s, â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail,† emphasizes the need for civil disobedience when faced with unjust laws. This idea contradicts Socrates’ claim made in Crito, that one must follow the law under all circumstances. In this paper, I will argue that Socrates is not a proponent of civil disobedience based on King’s definition of civil disobedience and Socrates’ charges. Moreover, I will argue that both Socrates and King disagree with one another based on the concept of civilRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King s Letter From Birmingham Jail1037 Words   |  5 PagesEssay Four Topic: Read Martin Luther King’s â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† (in your Nexus book) and Brent Staples’s â€Å"Black Men and Public Space.† What do these works say about racism, prejudice, and bias? Have we made any progress in these areas since their publication? What problems do you still see and what solutions can you offer? According to Opposing Viewpoints Online, Racism is â€Å"a prejudice or an animosity against a person or group of people who belong to a different race†. Many Americans wrongly Martin Luther King s Letter From The Birmingham Jail Martin Luther King’s â€Å"Letter from the Birmingham Jail† addresses the issue of individual civil rights. In the context of the racially segregated south, Martin Luther King argues that civil rights are not being protected for the power minority. An oppressed group has their civil rights unprotected and thus are marginalized; an oppressed individual does not have equal civil rights to an oppressed individual and it is this difference that creates the distinction between the oppressed and unoppressed. King mentions examples of how the black minority is being oppressed and not given equal civil rights, such as police brutality and unfair prosecution, racial humiliation, and restricted economic and social opportunities. In order to protect individual civil rights for all the oppressed group, which lacks equal civil rights, must strongly and unwaveringly pursue these rights. Like how the black civil rights movement pursued equal civil rights, an oppressed group must repe atedly actively pursue equality from their oppressors and thus restore individual civil rights. Laws that impede these rights are unjust according to King. An unjust law is an immoral law. King uses religious reasoning as well as objective reasoning in order to determine what is just versus unjust. In terms of religion, an unjust law is a law that corrupts the soul by preventing people from feeling as equals and thus goes against the religious idea that all people are equal under god. In terms of objectiveShow MoreRelatedMartin Luther King s Letter From Birmingham Jail1690 Words   |  7 Pages1960’s were a time of civil disobedience and protest against the inequalities in America. Specifically, in Birmingham, Alabama, in the year 1962, Martin Luther King Jr. spoke out against the racial inequalities in one of the most famous letters in America’s history: â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail.† This letter was sent to a group of Alabama clergymen who chastised King ’s disobedience. The letter was written with the purpose to encourage these eight men to side with King. Martin Luther King Jr.’s knowledgeRead MoreMartin Luther King s Letter From Birmingham Jail1860 Words   |  8 Pagesdisobedience as identified by Martin Luther King is a form of direct action, and an outright refusal to conform to laws as a form of protest. Martin Luther King addresses this method of resistance in his text, â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†. Martin Luther King Jr personally drafted the text as a response to criticisms made in a statement by clergymen whom apposed King’s nonviolent methods of resistance to continuous issues of racism occurring in Birmingham, Alabama. As expressed by King and described in hisRead MoreMartin Luther King s Letter From Birmingham Jail998 Words   |  4 PagesMartin Luther King, Jr. seldom had time to answer his critics. But on April 16, 1963, he was confined to the Birmingham jail, imprisoned for participating in civil rights demonstrations. â€Å"Alone for days in the dull monotony of a narrow jail cell,† King pondered a letter titled A Call for Unity that fellow clergymen had published pressing him to drop his crusade of nonviolent resistance and to leave the battle for racial equality to the courts. Within that document, King’s fellow clergymen caste himRead MoreMartin Luther King s Letter From Birmingham Jail1562 Words   |  7 PagesDr. Martin Luther King, one of the most influential men in the world, had played a pivotal role during the Civil Rights movement. He led the entire nation in the fight to end segregation, but while trying, he faced many obstacles, one being getting arrested during a rally. While in jail, King had time to respond to the critics of his work in the movement, and he wrote a marvelous, captivating response. In King’s â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail,† he replied and prof essed his emotions to the white clergymenRead MoreMartin Luther King s Letter From The Birmingham Jail939 Words   |  4 PagesMartin Luther King preached the realities of what justice truly is. Nearly 50 years later our world is still having trouble with these ideas. There is no doubt that Martin Luther King was an extremely virtuous man. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964, had a Ph.D. in systematic theology, was a baptist minister, and was probably the most recognized person in the civil rights movement. He was assassinated in 1968. The incident as described by Thich Nhat Hanh; I couldn t believe it. I thought theRead MoreMartin Luther King s Letter From Birmingham Jail1509 Words   |  7 Pagespeople to fight for their freedom with words and not their fists. Martin Luther King Jr. used the power of rhetoric during the civil rights movement to gain equality for the black community. MLK was a master of rhetoric and used his knowledge of proper arguments to sway the opinions of people in power to get what he wanted. Even though Martin Luther King includes an abundance of rhetorical devices in the â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail,† he most effectively utilizes ethos and logos, elevating his perceivedRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr. s Letter From A Birmingham Jail1157 Words   |  5 PagesMartin Luther King Jr.’s â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† is directed towards the clergymen, although America is his audience, King had come to Birmingham to address the segregation problem in the United States. He refuses to stay silent, even though people told him to wait for the change to happen. King is a part of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference that has many organizations across the South. He felt that he has a right to be in Birmingham because his organizations have connections withRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King s Letter From Birmingham Jail955 Words   |  4 PagesBy 1963, when Martin Luther King planned a campaign aga inst segregation in Birmingham, Alabama. During the demonstration he was arrested and lives in the jail for eight days. While he was in prison, he wrote his letter from Birmingham Jail to explain his actions and those who urged him to call off the demonstrations. Martin Luther King Jr. Birmingham Jail is important because, he explains the reasons for the non-violent demonstrations, he shows that black people are intelligent, and he criticizesRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr. s Letter From Birmingham Jail934 Words   |  4 PagesIn Martin Luther King Jr.’s , â€Å" Letter from Birmingham Jail†, King responds to the judgments of a group of clergymen , after King s arrest, by writing a letter explaining why the clergymen s judgments were wrong. In his letter, king brings very reasonable and valid points that challenge the judgments of the ministers. The main arguments that king makes would be the reason of his existence in Birmingham, white power structure and its racial i njustice, and finally why negotiation has brought up impatienceRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr. s Letter From Birmingham Jail1223 Words   |  5 PagesMartin Luther King, Jr.’s, â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail,† emphasizes the need for civil disobedience when faced with unjust laws. This idea contradicts Socrates’ claim made in Crito, that one must follow the law under all circumstances. In this paper, I will argue that Socrates is not a proponent of civil disobedience based on King’s definition of civil disobedience and Socrates’ charges. Moreover, I will argue that both Socrates and King disagree with one another based on the concept of civil

The Portrayal Of Ancient Rulers Essay Research free essay sample

The Portrayal Of Ancient Rulers Essay, Research Paper The Portrayal of Ancient Rulers Throughout history, the thought of what a swayer is has evolved. In ancient societies the manner of leading evolved from royal leading to politically appointed emperors. Inheritance of a throne and kingship subsided after Alexander the Great # 8217 ; s universe domination. Alternatively, leaders came to power through political and military art, and if their leading was unsatisfactory they would normally be overthrown. With the development of leading throughout ancient times, came the development of art portraying the swayers of the epoch. The personality and authorization portrayed in portrayals, employ different agencies of look. In the ancient Egyptian sculpture of King Menkaure and his Queen, a tetradrachm coin of ancient Greece picturing Alexander the Great, and the portrayal sculpture of the emperor Philip the Arab from Rome, it is apparent that portraiture of ancient swayers in art evolves in conformity with the political clime. King Menkaure and Queen Khamerenebty ruled during the Fourth Dynasty of the Old Kingdom in ancient Egypt, circa 2533-2515 BCE. The 4th Dynasty is associated with the Great Pyramids of Giza. The increasing wealth of the governing households of the period is reflected in their big, luxuriant royal portrayals. The statue of King Menkaure and his married woman, standing 4 # 8217 ; 8 # 8221 ; high, was found in the Valley Temple of the pyramid of Menkaure at Giza. It is a good illustration of Old Kingdom royal tomb sculpture, although it is the first known work picturing a twosome. The brace statue of Menkaure and Khamerenebty exemplifies both self-respect and matrimonial fondness. The statue of King Menkaure and his Queen exhibits with lucidity the Egyptian devotedness of art to a cannon of proportions. Its strictly frontal position point, the stiff airss of the figures, and a faithful conformity to regulations and established imposts can be interpreted as attesting the nature of the Pharaoh # 8217 ; s authorization over his topics while at the same clip representing the extremely regulated, hierarchal construction of ancient Egyptian society. The mensural grid of verticals and compensating horizontals, the stiff unreal positions and the overall idealised anatomical forms of the organic structures combined with naturalism is declarative of Egyptian gustatory sensation for art and a representation of the character of Egyptian civilization. Menkaure # 8217 ; s stance appears self-asserting, bespeaking his power. He is portrayed in the familiar Egyptian airs, with his left leg extended frontward, his weaponries held stiff at his sides and his fists clenched. He is represented as a mature, vigorous adult male, likely in his 30s. He has slender hips, wide shoulders, and well-developed weaponries. His organic structure has been made to look life like ; overall he represents the ideal of manful beauty in ancient Egypt. The image of his face and vesture are idealized and declarative of his power. Projecting from his mentum is a short, striped, squared-off ceremonial face fungus. On his caput he wears a nemes, or headgear, the sides of which are pulled back behind his big ears and the wattles fall on the sides of his thorax. The face fungus and headgear are the primary symbols of his Pharaonic position. The merely other article of vesture he wears is a kilt, which is folded across the forepart, with one terminal falling down beneath, and held in topographic point with a belt around his waist. Following to Menkaure stands his Queen, Khamerenebty. She stands in a more realistic manner than Menkaure. Her right arm reaches around his waist and her left 1 is dead set at the cubitus, keeping his left arm. The Queen # 8217 ; s gesture serves to convey them integrity. Her relaxed airs, her smaller pace frontward, the less stiff place of her weaponries, and her unfastened custodies indicate her low-level place. Therefore, her airs can be interpreted as that of a inactive, duteous married woman standing following to her powerful hubby. The intervention of her vesture is intended to uncover and depict the signifiers of her organic structure. She wears a long, really thin, close adjustment garment, which clings to her organic structure without creases or folds. Her chests are outlined and the mammillas demoing, her umbilicus and the bump of her pot are besides indicated. The material clings around her pubic country, demoing a triangular form with the two lower meeting sides following the swerving lines of her inguen. This possibly is a representation of her birthrate. The portrayal must be a reproduction of the adult male in order to function his spirit after decease. Therefore, the sculpturer has gone into item to demo the individualism of King Menkaure and his Queen. This is seen in his strongly defined characteristics and in the libertine face and chubby cheeks of Khamerenebty. Their characteristics are non peculiarly blue ; their royalty is depicted more through the looks and place of the face. His firmly set jaw, somewhat tilted face and direct line of sight are indexs of his authorization. This portrayal gives him permanency for infinity and proper lodging for their Ka. Traveling off from ancient Egyptian royal sculpture, ancient Greek art evolved from the idealized to naturalism and pragmatism. In the Egyptian sculpture of Menkaure and his Queen the chief aspect bespeaking power is the organic structure and position. By contrast, the ancient Grecian word picture of Alexander the Great on the tetradrachm coin does non necessitate a organic structure to give an kernel of power. Word picture on coins entirely is an index of power. Alexander the Great was one of the greatest generals of all clip and one of the most powerful swayers of antiquity. As caput of a Grecian ground forces, he started east on what became one of the greatest conquerings of ancient times. Once he rose to the throne, he was successful in uniting Greece, the n suppressing Persia, Gaza, Egypt, Babylon and India. Because of the success of his conquerings, the Ag tetradrachm of Alexander was likely the most widely distributed coin of ancient times. The tetradrachm of Alexander depicts him in a manner that ordains his deity and power. It shows Alexander in profile have oning the curling random-access memory horns of Amun/Zeus. Amun is the equivalent of Zeus in Egyptian mythology. During the conquest of Egypt, Alexander visited the Oracle of Amun. The main priest of Amun welcomed him, naming him the Son of God. This event established his deity and gave him rights to have on the horns of his # 8216 ; father # 8217 ; . However, his portraiture with the horns of Amun is non the lone characteristic set uping his power. The image of Alexander perceived from his portraiture on the tetradrachm coin is of a determined, successful, compassionate swayer. His heavy characteristics give him a sense of strength. He has a high-bridged protruding olfactory organ, thick short cervix, big full lips, big deep set eyes looking somewhat upward, little brow, pronounced Adam # 8217 ; s apple, and little mentum. The crown he wears besides serves to set up his power and leading, holding gained universe domination. The portrayal of Alexander was done in carven alleviation on Ag, with jumping high and low alleviation functioning to give the image more pragmatism. The horns of Amun that Alexander wears are in the highest alleviation, giving the most of import characteristic the highest visibleness. The lower alleviation of the oculus serves to give him an arched forehead and sunken eyes-a expression of finding. His instead big, full lips are done in somewhat higher alleviation than the remainder of his oral cavity, about looking as if they are pursed in a scowl. While the in lowest alleviation are the little beads bordering the coin. The consequence is a realistic portraiture of a swayer. The word picture of Alexander on the coin is a dependable and identifiable portrayal ; unlike most ancient Grecian sculptures and portrayals of swayers and work forces which are idealized to demo adult male as vernal, athletic, to a great extent muscled, and naked. This coin was issued some thirty old ages after Alexander # 8217 ; s decease, and after the constitution of the Hellenistic lands. Artists in the Hellenistic epoch sought to stand for the person and the particular. This marked the beginning of royal portrayal on coins. In contrast to the deified portraiture of Alexander, the representation of Philip the Arab of Rome is that of a common adult male. The altering character of imperial regulation influenced the development of portrayal sculpture during Rome # 8217 ; s Late Empire. Unlike earlier swayers of antiquity who came to power through heritage, emperors of this clip period gained political power from successful military leading. The in-between decennaries of the third century were characterized by unrest in many domains of life: economic, spiritual, military, and political. Philip seized power in 244 CE from Gordian III, after plotting his slaying. His short reign, before being murdered himself, was successful. Philip # 8217 ; s calling is typical of his clip, but historiographers have maligned his memory since his decease, and it has affected the apprehension of his public portrayals. The flop of Philip the Arab was sculpted around 244-249 CE in the Republican veristic manner. This manner is concerned in capturing the exterior similitude of a individual with seeable inside informations. Philip is portrayed as a common Roman and as an emperor with concerns over affairs of the province. It is a unusually good portraiture of Philip and a great illustration of Roman portrayal sculpture with its accurate presentation of psychological features and expressiveness. The sculpturer has captured a impermanent fugitive look ; apparently of anxiousness as Philip turns his caput to the right. The consequence is about that of a exposure. The rugged forehead drilled uplifted eyes and to a great extent lined forehead service to give Philip a bemused expression. His image is an look of the utmost anxiousness and emphasis of troubled times. Interestingly, Philip does non face the witness with a expression of bid ; alternatively, he turns off with an look of unhappiness and hurt. Rather than seeing this as illustrative of Philip # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; craft, fraudulence, and fear # 8221 ; ( Stokstad, pg. 277 ) , it may be fairer to construe the look as representative of Philip # 8217 ; s attentions for the sate and devotedness to the people # 8217 ; s desires. Extensive item shows the folds of Philip # 8217 ; s face and the all right chaff of a face fungus. This is a mark that the sculpturer wanted to demo Philip # 8217 ; s individualism, non merely physically, but besides in his manner of leading. The accurate contemplation of Philip # 8217 ; s true exterior image facilitates the realistic word picture of him as swayer. In decision, the portraiture of ancient swayers is dependent non merely on the manner of art popular during the epoch, but besides on the development of the political clime. The portraiture of Menkaure, a Pharaoh of the Old Kingdom in ancient Egypt, is of complete authorization, control and power. His face does non demo concern or heartache over his people, because he is non challenged politically, the image of control coincides with his exclusive power over the land. While the word picture of Alexander the Great, in ancient Grecian coins is deified. Alexander # 8217 ; s leading ended with universe domination ; hence, his deified portraiture on pecuniary financess is peculiarly appropriate. By contrast, Philip the Arab # 8217 ; s portrayal sculpture about resembles a present twenty-four hours exposure with its gaining control of fugitive look. This look of anxiousness and unhappiness is a representation of the political convulsion during the clip period of his regulation. Taking th e advancement of antediluvian civilizations into history, how does the art of sculpting better in the use of the medium used?

Wl 2b Creative Writing Essay Example

Wl 2b Creative Writing Essay The ending of Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s Chronicle of a Death Foretold ends abruptly where the protagonist, Santiago Nasar, falls on his face in the kitchen of his own home, dead. There are still many untold details the reader may be wondering about that needs to be demystified, such as the real culprit for taking Angela Vicario’s virginity. In an attempt to satisfy most of the readers’ curiosity, the following diary of Angela Vicario, the dishonored bride, has been uncovered. What has never been said by Angela has been captured with her written words. The whole mystery of Santiago Nasar’s murder will be solved and understood from Angela’s point of view and answers. Dear Diary, The news of the death of Santiago Nasar has reached the whole town. Different versions of the story of how the murderers finally got to him have been abridged, modified, and revised. Santiago was cornered and stabbed to death. Santiago walked around his house and even into townspeople’s house half alive and half dead. Santiago carried the remains of his body parts until finally he fell. Santiago let his death follow him. But it is only I, the bride-to-be of Bayardo San Roman, who knows the full story. We will write a custom essay sample on Wl 2b Creative Writing specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Wl 2b Creative Writing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Wl 2b Creative Writing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Out of all of the rumors and opinions about the downfall of the already acknowledged death, there was one that stood out most prominently: Santiago Nasar did not deserve to die. The whole town took into account that there must have been a reason why the entire city had prior knowledge of the carried out murder plan, yet Santiago was the last person to know about it. The innocent, well-known man has walked blindly into town without a clue of the ominous future. In order to redeem themselves, everyone in town has been put onto trial to reanalyze the fact that there was no possibility of saving Santiago from his unfortunate death. Nonetheless, this will not be necessary because of my diary. Here, I prove the innocence of Santiago Nasar, and how the town could not stop the awful deed. I am the woman that brought all of the trouble in the first place. The shock of the murder has reached back to me; it had such a strong impact that I have finally decided to confess all of the secrets that started the problem in the first place here in written form. The truth is too enduring to be said aloud. First, I repent all of my sins, and I will be innocent from the murder. Instead, I will point my fingers at my brothers, the twins, and the blame should fall on both of them. In the Hispanic culture, the virginity of a women is considered holy and of upmost respect. The man who gets to take the virginity away from the woman will be eternally bonded to her. I was not a true virgin at the time of the marriage with Santiago, and therefore caused an uproar which I admit. Yet, I have justification for my sin and it is up to the world and God to decide whether or not I will be repented for this act that could not be helped. Yes, I have been told that such a beautiful girl as myself can give in easily to the calling of cat-calls and wolf-whistles. But this was not the case for me. I have more self-control and willpower than the average women and especially more constraint than that poor prostitute Maria Cervantes who has fallen in love with the deceased Santiago Nasar. On the other hand, I am not a woman of physical strength; I am weak and feeble. Defending myself from the harassment of another man will be useless since my protests and attempts to stop him will be ineffective. The damned man that I am talking about is Colonel Lazaro Aponte. Yes, the lazy Colonel who failed to prevent Santiagos murder because he was â€Å"checking on his game of dominoes†. The man who has authority around town, the man who has power and knowledge to vital information, is the man who goes by Lazaro Aponte. Many townspeople may be shocked by this rash accusation, but let me explain. It was Lazaro Aponte who has stolen my virginity and has never claimed it through the act of rape. My twin brothers found out later and became outraged, vowing to kill him and tear him to pieces. But because of his position as a Colonel of the town, he had access to every information possible because of the records of files he keeps. Lazaro is a smart man: he had planned my rape very well because he knew I was the perfect victim. I was considered a beauty throughout the whole town yet not a lot of people know the history background of my brother Pedro Vicario except for Lazaro who did a bit of research. Pedro used to be in the army, and the reason why he quit was because of some â€Å"accidental† killing that he had committed. A bomb had exploded, killing several men in the war on Pedro’s side. With feelings of remorse, Pedro quit the war, but no one ever had known that it was him that caused such a tragedy. It was with this information that Lazaro used to prevent the Vicario twins from killing him in redemption for me. Lazaro threatened that he would release this news of the accidental killings if he felt intimidated. It was the perfect blackmail: they could never accuse Lazaro for stealing my virginity. Everything quelled down after a while until Bayardo San Roman walked through town and proposes to me. My mother, Purismima, was ecstatic about the wonderful news and encouraged the marriage. This is where the controversy took place since Bayardo questioned my virginity after we had sex and there was no blood stain on our bed sheets. Here is where Pablo Vicario decides to convince his brother that they need to confront Lorazo for my sake and for the sake of the marriage. However when Lorazo brought up the reminder that he had valuable information, Pedro broke down and refused to turn Lorazo in. Instead, the twins thought together and came up with the ingenious plan of putting the blame on Santiago Nasar since they still needed a name to point to for stealing my virginity. He was perfect since everyone knew that he liked sleeping with the local prostitute Maria, so sleeping with me would be so easy for him. Poor Santiago did not know what blame was put on him. The whole town was not able to warn him in time because of fate. Such an innocent man does not need a warning for a crime he has committed, right? This is my explanation for things, along with Lorazo making every possibility of friends not to warn Santiago impossible. I hope the whole town now puts Lorazo Aponte on trial for his unjustifiable deed. There is no physical evidence of this, but it is the truth and evil that lays in his eyes that everyone should be able to see. Questions should rise such as why did he not try and warn Santiago Nasar about the Vicario twins, even though he is a Colonel. Was he just that â€Å"lazy†? Please help satisfy my brother’s, Santiago’s, and my innocence through the conviction of Lorazo Aponte. And please let Bayardo San Roman accept my apologies: I should have let you know about my secret past. It was such an embarrassment that I could not help but to keep silent. Now that the truth is all revealed, let the town figure out the verdict of everyone in the town who was put in trial in the first place. Dear Diary, this is where I end my confession. Angela Vicario Works Cited Marquez, Gabriel Garcia. Trans. Gregory Rabassa. Chronicle of a Death Foretold. New York: Vintage International, 2003

The President National Security essays

The President National Security essays The Presidents role in National Security has been a topic of enduring debate in U.S. politics from the Constitutional Convention to our present day situation in Kosovo. Nearly every American President has had to struggle with this issue and deal with the Constitutions separation of power between Congress and the Executive. The President and Congress share the war-making powers, treaty-making and foreign policy powers, and among many others, the power to place desired officials into certain offices. These powers, though disliked by many, are shared so as to protect the people of this nation with our grass roots system of checks and balances. Most critics of shared powers focus on the areas of war-making and foreign policy. This conflict can be traced all the way back to the struggle between Hamilton and Madison. After what was said to be a series of failed Presidencies (Johnson, Nixon, Ford, and Carter), one group of modern Hamiltonians wanted to increase the power of the President explicitly. They hope to reach their goals legitimately through legislation and constitutional amendments. Another group of Hamiltonians emerged informally after the Presidency of Ronald Reagan and the Irangate controversy. Group members asserted that, The President and the President alone, should exercise exclusive authority in at least four vital areas: the power to go to war; the power to both initiate and carry out foreign policy; the power to appoint officials to the highest posts in the country with only the pro forma advice and consent of the Senate. (#6, p.57) They also wanted the Congress to only be able to make minor modificat ions to the Presidents domestic budget policy. Other advocates of these positions are seeking a more unitary state similar to those of modern parliamentary democracies like Great Britain. Many are envious of the British Prime Ministers abil...

Free Essays on Internet Communication

â€Å"It is the sense of Congress that providers of electronic communications services and manufacturers of electronic communications service equipment shall ensure that communications systems permit the government to obtain the plaintext contents of voice, data, and other communications when appropriately authorized by law.† (Baase, 2003) This excerpt was initially taken from Senate Bill 266 in 1991 and articulates the goal of governmental agencies since that time. The U.S. Government has since tried to pass legislation to control the encryption used by software manufacturers relating to information communicated over the internet. Through research and analysis I will define the encryption standards, explore the legislation that the government is trying to put in place and determine if government involvement in encryption standards is if fact necessary. Encryption is defined as a process of translating a message, called the Plaintext, into an encoded message, called the Ciphertext. The Ciphertext is encoded text, after it has been passed through an Encryption algorithm and is the product of Plaintext after Encryption. A Cipher is a computer software algorithm used for Encryption. Encryption is usually accomplished using a secret key and a cryptographic Cipher. Two basic types of Encryption that are commonly used are Symmetric Encryption, where a single secret key is used for both encryption and decryption or Asymmetric Encryption, where a pair of keys is used, one for Encryption and the other for Decryption. The first encryption algorithm to be developed was known as DES and was presented by IBM to the National Security Agency (NSA) for review and approval in the 1970’s. â€Å"The National Security Agency (NSA) was formed in 1952 by a secret presidential order.† (Baase, 2003) Using the most powerful computers in the world, the NSA is responsible for monitoring communications between the U.S. and other countries. DES, a conve... Free Essays on Internet Communication Free Essays on Internet Communication â€Å"It is the sense of Congress that providers of electronic communications services and manufacturers of electronic communications service equipment shall ensure that communications systems permit the government to obtain the plaintext contents of voice, data, and other communications when appropriately authorized by law.† (Baase, 2003) This excerpt was initially taken from Senate Bill 266 in 1991 and articulates the goal of governmental agencies since that time. The U.S. Government has since tried to pass legislation to control the encryption used by software manufacturers relating to information communicated over the internet. Through research and analysis I will define the encryption standards, explore the legislation that the government is trying to put in place and determine if government involvement in encryption standards is if fact necessary. Encryption is defined as a process of translating a message, called the Plaintext, into an encoded message, called the Ciphertext. The Ciphertext is encoded text, after it has been passed through an Encryption algorithm and is the product of Plaintext after Encryption. A Cipher is a computer software algorithm used for Encryption. Encryption is usually accomplished using a secret key and a cryptographic Cipher. Two basic types of Encryption that are commonly used are Symmetric Encryption, where a single secret key is used for both encryption and decryption or Asymmetric Encryption, where a pair of keys is used, one for Encryption and the other for Decryption. The first encryption algorithm to be developed was known as DES and was presented by IBM to the National Security Agency (NSA) for review and approval in the 1970’s. â€Å"The National Security Agency (NSA) was formed in 1952 by a secret presidential order.† (Baase, 2003) Using the most powerful computers in the world, the NSA is responsible for monitoring communications between the U.S. and other countries. DES, a conve...

The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan - Essay Example Amy Tan wrote the Joy luck Club, as she hoped to understand her own relationship with her mother, who expected her valuing Chinese cultural ethos, while being Americanized as well. This had put an additional burden on the adolescent mind of Tan, apart from having to bear the stress faced by other teenagers, due to the common problems relating to generation gap. Amy Tan wrote The Joy luck club, to share the cultural distinctions, which Tan faced as she grew up; along with an effort to keep a better understanding with her mother. She, in the process, hoped to sort out her cultural heritage, through this written work, to ensure the same. The author has been widely appreciated for her bold initiative, humor and objectivity depicted in her written work. As the novel gives a detailed account of relationship between Chinese mothers and their Americanized daughters, most of young Chinese-American females have identified themselves with the Tan’s characters and clash of opinions with t heir mothers. The male readers find the novel to deliver an opportunity for understanding their behavior towards the fair sex. Reflective summary While this novel has four sections, each one depicts the story of relationship between mother and her daughter, during a particular stage in their lives. The story of Suyuan Woo, being one of the four, is quite interesting as it reveals the trauma of this mother who lost her family, which included her daughters, during the Japanese war. As she later arrives in America during 1947, Woo still remains unaware of the fact that her twin daughters were rescued. Eventually Woo starts a new life in America, after she gets re-married and settles in San Francisco. The couple has a daughter named, Jing-mei, while Woo continues the Joy luck club in USA, on the lines of similar club in China, along with other three ladies. Woo died a sudden death, while unsuccessfully trying to understand her daughter, all through. The mother and daughter could never r esolve their differences completely during the lifetime of Woo. However, the story throws a pleasant surprise as Woo’s friends tell Jing-mei about the finding of Suyuan’s lost daughters. Jing-mei eventually meets her sisters in Shanghai, with the monetary help coming from Woo’s friends, for such visit. Similarly, another story reveals the character of An-mei, who is the friend of Woo and member of the club. The story reveals her relationship with husband George Hsu and the daughter. The other two women are Lindo Jang and Yin Yin St. Clair. The club members meet every week, while enjoying ethnic Chinese food and raising money. Bond between Chinese mothers and their American daughters The main purpose of this novel has been highlighting the relationship between first generation Chinese immigrant mothers and their Americanized daughters. As most of the differences remain unresolved, Jing-mei’s case reveals the adaptation of American culture by her through ad option an American name, June. This is symbolic of her accepting the American cultural ethos. However, the narration of June, in the relevant story has tried to bridge the gap between generations and cultures, as well as, the heritage of China and America. ("The Joy Luck Club: Introduction.") Contrasting values Tan has tried to highlight the inability of bonding the concepts of two cultures, in her

How did democratization impact upon foreign policy of Brazil Essay

How did democratization impact upon foreign policy of Brazil - Essay Example The Geography and Demographics of Brazil Brazil has always had a unique sense of its identity as a continental country. Because of its vast land area and its sizable population it is, like the United States, Russia, China and India, bound to perform an important role in the international community. A country this size, dominating the greater part of South America, is bound to exert economic and political influence in the region and the world. It has, after all, the world’s eighth largest economy and fifth-largest land territory in the world (Da Cruz, 2005, p. 115). For instance, the magnitude of its people’s progress – 24 million Brazilians elevated from poverty, and 31 million more joining the middle class – is bound to create a sizeable ripple in the world economy (Vincent, 2010). The problems and challenges facing Brazil, and the manner in which she resolves them, will tend to exert an impact upon other states because of the country’s sheer size (Lafer, 2000, p. 208). The following figure shows a map of Brazil and its smaller neighboring states. Map of Brazil Source: http://www.brazil-travel-northeast.com/maps-of-brazil.html Aside from its geography and demographics, Brazil’s uniqueness lies in its remarkable history. ... Brazil’s international identity places it at an advantage; although a former colony, it was distanced from international tensions that had occupied other nations in their search for a unique national identity. Brazil’s post-colonial history Brazil gained independence from the colonizers in 1822, and after that it gained freedom from monarchical rule in 1889 through a military overthrow. Between these years, a legitimate monarchy gave way to a well-established oligarchic republic where power was wielded by industrialists, coffee growers, and cattle ranchers (Lafer, 2000; Maitra, 2007). From 1889 to 1930, the country was run as a constitutional republic (i.e., the â€Å"First Republic†) with its old provinces granted autonomy as states, and collectively governed under the formal name, â€Å"The United States of Brazil.† In 1930, the Brazilian Revolution marked the end of the old republic and installed Getulio Dornelles Vargas in power. For this reason, 1930 to 1945 is known as the Vargas Era. While the early years had the benefit of a democratically eleted legislature, the years 1937 to 1945 saw Vargas transform into an authoritarian ruler who had abolished the former Constitution in a coup d’etat, shut down Congress, and assumed dictatorial powers. In 1945 Vargas was deposed, and the country redemocratized (Levine, 2003, p. 97). The subsequent period saw a populist regime followed by unsuccessful economic programs, for which reason the military intervened in 1964 in a revolutionary coup which again, as before, ended in dictatorship by 1985 (Levine, 2003). By 1985, democracy was again established, giving way to the first directly elected president (after the military regime) in 1989, in

Tutankhamun Essay Example for Free

Tutankhamun Essay How useful and reliable are Source A and ONE other source in relation to the information and/ or implications they provide about the role of the New Kingdom Pharaoh and the society at the time, especially in regards to religion and/ or important events or issues at the time? Source A and Source D provide reliable information on the role of the New Kingdom Pharaoh, Tutankhamun and the society at the time in regards to religion and issues of the time. Source A shows the religious aspects such as the use of both Amun and Aten names and Source D shows the issues of the time such as invasion/ warfare. In Source A the image shown is the â€Å"Golden Throne† also known as King Tutankhamun’s coronation throne. The image on the backrest of the chair depicts Tutankhamun being rubbed with ointment by his wife under the â€Å"arms† of Aten. The text on the chair when translated reveals that both Amun and Aten names are used for Tutankhamun and his wife. This represents the transitional period from having one singular god- Aten, back to the old religion- Amun and may be an indication as stated by Howard Carter that both religions lived together in peace- â€Å"It is curious to say the least of it, that an object which has such manifest signs of heresy upon it should be publicly buried in this the stronghold of the Amun faith†¦it would appear that Tut-ankh-amun’s return to the ancient faith was not entirely a matter of conviction-it is possible that the alteration in the Aten names was sufficient to appease the sectarians and that there was no need for secrecy. The designs on the Throne are also a representation of the changing times. The period is referred to the Amarna Age. It is a different style to which traditional art was made and represents the transition from old to new- the sculptures and paintings were done with naturalism and spontaneity. This style of art included more portraits of their natural existence. Source D is an image of Tutankhamun’s Hunting and Warfare Chest. On this chest there are two main images depicted, the first on the lid, front and back of the box which shows Tutankhamun in a chariot with a bow and arrow fighting and crushing black and Asiatic enemies. On the sides of the chest the second image depicted is that of Tutankhamun’s head on a lions body, treading and crushing the bodies of his enemies. These images are portrayals of the issues that the Egyptians may have faced during the time period such as invasion and concurring.

The Pros and Cons of Teaching Sex Education in Public Schools Essay

     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Picture a young couple being on the verge of exploring their sexual desires for the first time. The question is does this young couple have the proper education to make this life changing decision? They most likely were given their education from the school they attend. Hopefully the school taught them what they needed to know to make such a decision. Should sex education be taught at school by teachers or by the parents? Problems with having sex education at school There are many problems with having sex education in public schools. Religion plays an important part to the topic of sex education. Some parents feel that if the school gets to speak to their children about sex before they do, than important things about their religion will be left out of the discussion. If their religion says not to have premarital sex, then that child doesn't need to learn the proper way to put on a condom, where to go to get birth control pills, or anything about abortion. None of this information is going to be needed because the child of the family who uses religion as a guideline for everyday life. These children don't need their heads filled with what isn't important in their religion. According to the Web page SIECUS, parents are-and ought to be-the primary sexuality educators of their children. From the moment of birth, children learn about love, touch, and relationships. Infants and toddlers receive sexuality education through example when their parents ta lk to them, dress them, show affection, play with them, and teach them the names of the parts of their bodies ("Sexuality"). Another reason parents want to teach their children about sex education is that they feel it is up to them and no one else to teach their kids ... ...ks Cited Cooper, Carol. "What shall we tell the children?" The Lancet 356 (2008): 780. "Does Sex Education work?" AVERT 18 Nov. . Harris, Wendy. "Schools fail sex ed, new studies say Parents, students want more comprehensive; lessons even as scope of teaching has narrowed." Spokesman Review 27 Sep. 2007: A1. Jordan, Timothy R. "Rural parents' communication with their teen-agers about sexual issues." The Journal of School Health 70 (2008): 338-344 Schemo, Diana J. "Survey Finds Parents Favor More Detailed Sex Education." The New York Times 4 Oct. 2007: A.1 Sexuality Education is the Schools: Issues and Answers." SIECUS Report 27 (2007) Web. 19 Nov. 2008 http://www.siecus.org/pubs/fact/fact/0007.html. Ubell, E. "Sex-education programs that work-and some that don't." Parade Magazine 12 Feb. 2007: 18-20.

Fracking: Carbon Dioxide and Natural Gas

April 8, 2012 Dear Senator Greg Ball, The current practice of hydraulic fracturing (fracking) began in America in the late 1990‘s and has been wreaking havoc on the land and the lives of the American people since. In case you are unaware, fracking is the process well diggers use to extract natural gas and oil from the earth. They use pressurized mixture of water, sand, and chemicals to form veins (or fractures) in the rock in order for the natural gas or oil to escape.Although this process is an affective way to produce the natural resources from the earth, there are repercussions that are being ignored by the well companies. For instance, there were several private wells in Dimock, Pennsylvania contaminated with methane caused by the fracking done by Cabot Oil and Gas. The people living off these wells were not able to use their water. Although the gas company denied any kind of fault, they compensated the residents financially and built a new pipeline to bring clean water in. In December, 2011 the EPA sent out letters to the residents telling them their water was safe to drink. But in January of 2012 the EPA retracted its position and told the gas company to immediately take care of the problem. Another problem that has developed due to fracking is pollution around the dig sites. Emissions associated with combustion include nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxide, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. Another emission problem is the emission produced from the natural gas.Gasses such as methane, ethane and liquid condensate and volatile organic compounds (VOC). VOC’s have been proven to cause birth defects, neurological problems, and cancer. Most recently, in March of 2012, officials in Ohio are blaming the wastewater produced from fracking for a series of recent earthquakes. What my goal would be from you Mr. Ball, is that you would introduce a bill to the senate that would encourage regulation on fracking from the federal level.If the federal government woul d regulate the way fracking is done in America, it could save many lives and help save the environment. Bad drilling techniques, design and execution are some of the reasons the drilling wreaks so much havoc. This is something that could very easily be regulated by inspections of the wells. I also believe that the number of wells being drilled needs to be regulated. In Pennsylvania alone, there are 3,500 wells. This number is too high. Having that number of wells in such s small area, is inviting problems.If the federal government would make some regulations on how many wells per square mile are aloud, it would cut down of a lot of the damage being done. It may also be possible to regulate how far from civilian dwellings a well should be drilled. If the wells were drilled several miles from any home, the chances of it endangering people and animals would decrease. Mr. Ball I appreciate you taking time to read this letter and listening to my concerns. I am confident that you love thi s country as much as I do and will try to put an end to hydraulic fracturing as we know it today. Sincerely,

Characteristics of a Leader

‘Leaders should lead by example’ so the saying goes. There are certain characteristic found in some people. It is just that, they put them in a position where people looked up to as a leader. People often say ‘ He or she is a born leader’. Whether in fact a person is born a leader or develop skills and abilities to become a good leader is open for debate. There are some clear characteristics that are found in good leaders. These qualities can be developed and naturally is the part of their personality. Firstly, a good leader must have a positive attitude.This quality is a required not just for a leader but everybody. However, this is specially necessary for a leader. A leader needs to be positive and motivate his team, in times that are hard and times that are brutal. When times are tough and his team is absolutely down, when times are really frustrating, a leader is the who carries his team and his organization forward and that is what a leader needs to do look at the bright side of each and everything. Besides a good leader must be a good listener. This is because a good leader needs to listen to her followers.She needs to get feedback on a regular basis, open her eyes and ears and keep listening. Now a word of caution. Listening does not mean to blindly follow and accept everything that is said and shown. What goes hand in hand is listening. This also helps her followers to express theirs feeling or even to speak their rights. The quality which a leader should possess is intelligence and alertness. A leader has to use his brain every time and also has to remain  Ã‚   alert with   eyes and ears open otherwise he could easily be carried by any fraud or enemy.Many a times we see such situations around us, where a person in trouble or problem doesn’t hesitate in blaming and embarrassing even his closest friend to save himself, and also does not bother about his friends at all because the person has to get rid of his problems anyhow. So, he just thinks about himself and his life,   the life of other does not matter to him much. Some people have a misconception that only those people who are physically strong can become good leaders, but this is not the fact.A leader may not be physically strong but he needs to be mentally strong and firm in decisions. For example, Mahatma Gandhi, the Father of the Nation was the greatest leader but he was active and had a firm desire to serve the Nation. He had the power of organizing and uniting people and attracting people towards him by his speeches. This is the best quality of a leader which he had in him. We can also say that, a person who can satisfy the basic psychological needs of his followers can also be an effective leader. A leader must have average character .There are no perfect people, but for a leader to be considered good, they must have a character that is unquestioned within the organization. Leadership always draws criticism from someone, so a leade r may not be able to get everyone to believe in him or her, but the people who know the leader best should trust the leader’s character. In a nutshell, a good leader must be faithful to his group members and activities. This in turn, will result in an atmosphere of assurance among the followers. Having faith in self abilities and the world around him , the leader gains inspiration and also inspires others in the process.

Free Essays on Decisions In The Workplace

Abstract Decisions in the workplace have greater implications upon one’s life than most believe. How one comes to a decision shows all others within the work environment their personality and preference. I have come to realize that having a road map for work related decisions, helps everyone involved. Taking specific steps to achieve the best possible outcome for an issue is the purpose for following a decision-making model. In the following piece we will view how the UOP decision-making model was utilized to help me with a challenging situation at work. The UOP model is made up of 3 main areas with sub-dividing points. The first area is Frame the Issue. Within this area ask yourself to identify the problem. In my job related issue, I discovered the problem to be miscommunication between 3 departments regarding invoice logs. Understanding how the process should work in order to go smoothly falls in â€Å"defining the criteria, goals and objectives†. My critical thinking skills are being utilized through my actions of analyzing the problem. I know the best way to pay the construction companies are to receive the invoices through Contracts department, then forward the project number to Facilities Information Systems (my department) to generate a record then on to the Facilities Construction Mgmt dept secretary for payment. The last sub-division of Fame the issue is evaluates effects of the problem. When miscommunication occurs, a breakdown in the process follows. Invoices are not paid on time, board members are notified by the companies and soon followed by unnecessary media attention. Framing the issue helps to give a solid picture to pinpoint key errors. The second area encompasses Making the Decision. This model is very helpful because of its practicality. In order to make a decision to solve a problem you have to first know what the problem is; as well as a result of the problem. Upon reflecting on the problem... Free Essays on Decisions In The Workplace Free Essays on Decisions In The Workplace Abstract Decisions in the workplace have greater implications upon one’s life than most believe. How one comes to a decision shows all others within the work environment their personality and preference. I have come to realize that having a road map for work related decisions, helps everyone involved. Taking specific steps to achieve the best possible outcome for an issue is the purpose for following a decision-making model. In the following piece we will view how the UOP decision-making model was utilized to help me with a challenging situation at work. The UOP model is made up of 3 main areas with sub-dividing points. The first area is Frame the Issue. Within this area ask yourself to identify the problem. In my job related issue, I discovered the problem to be miscommunication between 3 departments regarding invoice logs. Understanding how the process should work in order to go smoothly falls in â€Å"defining the criteria, goals and objectives†. My critical thinking skills are being utilized through my actions of analyzing the problem. I know the best way to pay the construction companies are to receive the invoices through Contracts department, then forward the project number to Facilities Information Systems (my department) to generate a record then on to the Facilities Construction Mgmt dept secretary for payment. The last sub-division of Fame the issue is evaluates effects of the problem. When miscommunication occurs, a breakdown in the process follows. Invoices are not paid on time, board members are notified by the companies and soon followed by unnecessary media attention. Framing the issue helps to give a solid picture to pinpoint key errors. The second area encompasses Making the Decision. This model is very helpful because of its practicality. In order to make a decision to solve a problem you have to first know what the problem is; as well as a result of the problem. Upon reflecting on the problem...

Read Your Writings †for a Fee!

Read Your Writings – for a Fee! As writers, we get a buzz from knowing people are reading our work. But have you ever thought of reading it out loud, to an audience? Neither did I until recently. Now it’s a regular sideline gig. If you write on a specialist subject, why not talk about it, too? Or talk about being a writer! It’s a pretty offbeat career that would interest many. If you write comedy, give those sketches a whirl. In my case, I had a drawer  full of rhymes about the flip-side of gardening and modern life, so I shaped them into 60-minute presentations for gardening and over-50s clubs. The social aspect of the work provides an antidote to the laptop, and you can control bookings to suit your time – and bank account. It’s potentially lucrative, depending on factors such as advertising levels, travel and topic flexibility, and caliber of events you’re comfortable speaking at. I choose to keep bookings occasional and low-key, with earnings correspondingly reasonable rather than great. But if you’re confident you can keep a large, high society audience gripped for 45 minutes or more! Some hosts will pay handsomely for a polished, spellbinding talk. Whatever the venue, it’ll offer a platform for your books. Rich market Online searches will reveal innumerable societies, many engaging speakers for meetings. Here are some examples, but bear in mind that opportunities vary: Sports, especially mainstream Personal interests (e.g. gardening, bee-keeping, wine-making, family/local history, books) Age-related groups (e.g. 50s/60s; grandparents, war veterans) Social groups (e.g. singles, single parents, women’s) Charities (for fundraising events) Businesses/professional groups – for training or social events. Finding markets   Society websites: some societies have their own websites, with handy information such as usual topics, timings, audience numbers and contact details. Society affiliation websites: in some cases, you have to visit the society’s regional or national affiliation website and comb its listings for your local group. Follow these links to sample affiliations, and spot their speaker/talk references: 1.   The Royal Horticultural Society (speakers’ register page): https://www.rhs.org.uk/communities/pdf/aff-socs/speakers-and-judges-registers/total-speakers-register 2.   Scubaboard.com, USA: scubaboard.com/forums/new-england/491173-club-speakers-ct-club.html  Ã‚  Scroll down to second item: Club speakers 3. Federation of Family History Societies, USA: ffhs.org.uk/members2/overseas/usa.php The first society on their list mentions a meeting with a speaker on their website: rootsweb.ancestry.com/~bifhsusa/ The first one links to the speakers’ register of the UK’s leading gardeners’ organisation, to which I added my name (free) with positive results. If you have trouble finding a group, try a related website such as that of your local community, tourist information centre or charitable organisation, for group or event listings. Here’s an example produced A brief deeper delve using the search term talks took me to upcoming events:  bostonhistory.org/?s=oshp=calendar Some clubs may only supply a telephone number: no matter! A human voice may kindle interest in your speech offer. Also look up speaker agencies. See what opportunities they offer, and browse their client profiles for inspiration.   I picked US examples .randomly: 1.   APB Speakers International: apbspeakers.com/;   2.   The Speaker Agency, California: thespeakeragency.com/; 3.   Washington Speakers Bureau (for businesses): washingtonspeakers.com/ 4.   Great Garden Speakers: http://greatgardenspeakers.com/   How much to charge?   Before setting my fee, I checked other speakers’ rates via agency websites and enquiries to local groups. The range is huge, but to me, audience response is as important as check size; besides, a happy group will refer you to others. My audiences are courteous, attentive, and prompt to pay. So, what’s stopping you?

Variation of Contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Variation of Contract - Essay Example This is the command of the doctrine of consideration. Thus courts sometimes apparently are prepared to take up consideration instead of questioning its needs.1 Exchange thus makes up the terra cognita of contractual responsibilities. Presented promises are often passed on to the private sphere of influence2. Their breach is made good with only a moral sanction. But in the laws of employment immediately post decision of Taylor v Secretary of State for Scotland,3 this conventional dissimilarity is under stress.4 With regard to Re Selectmove [1995] 1 WLR 474 the case was for payment of a debt which the company Selectmove owed to the crown. In order to escape payment of the debt the company was wound up. The question to be discussed is whether the debt was a disputed one or not For this the law of estoppel has to be understood. "Where by his words or conduct one party to a transaction makes to the other a clear and unequivocal promise or assurance which is intended to affect the legal relations between them (whether contractual or otherwise), or was reasonably understood by the other party to have that effect, and, before it is withdrawn, the other party acts upon it, altering his or her position so that it would be inequitable to permit the first party to withdraw the promise, the party making the promise or assurance will not be permi... Meanwhile the other party will most likely continue with the performance of the contract.When there is a counter offer then silence on the part of the creative offeror will not normally form an acceptance. But it will be considered as an acceptance in case of an offer without time limit. It may be construed as acceptance if the original offeror had objected to some of the extra terms which the counter offer may contain. In cases of ambiguous offer where the offeree communicates to the offeror about his understanding of the offer then such a communication will almost certainly result in a counter-offer. Under such circumstances silence will make up acceptance on the part of the offeror6. Some of the recent cases manifest the dampening, or elimination, of a quiet a lot of the uncertain philosophies or maxims which have conventionally confined the functioning of the doctrines of estoppel. This has actually limited an open challenge to the importance of the agreement meant to produce legal relations and confirmed by circumstance as the means of imposing promissory responsibilities. In Walton's Stores (Interstate) Ltd v Maher,7 the majority8 in the High Court agreed that Maher, a constructor, who was negotiating a contract with the appellant, Walton's. Under the agreement it was decided that Maher would destroy buildings on the ground which he possessed and then build and rent to Walton's a building to its stipulation. This brought reliance on the doctrine of promissory estoppel when Maher destroyed the old buildings accepting that a contract between the parties would be arrived at.9 The majority were not stressed by the alleged convention that such rules of evidence do not find a reason for action, or by the obligation of

Design of the New Bayswater Shopping Complex Case Study

Design of the New Bayswater Shopping Complex - Case Study Example Tim felt it as a problem since he was familiar with the design. Otherwise, he may not be aware of the unethical actions of the employees of his design department. Moreover, Tim was a loyal professional who likes to keep some ethical standards in his professional life which forced him to perceive the above case as a problem case. Most of the other engineers may not take the above case as a problem since they will always try to impress their management using any means. So, whether the above case is a problem or not may depend on the perception and integrity of the professional who analyses it. Lack of staff in the designing department and the willingness to adopt all possible means to complete a project in time along with the motivation to impress the top management forced the designing staff to adopt such an unethical behavior. The above problem can be analyzed through three perspectives; legal/contractual, management and ethical. On December 1, 1990, President George H. W. Bush signed into law the Architectural Works Copyright Protection Act ("AWCPA"). The AWCPA resolved an important dispute in U.S. intellectual property law, extending copyright protection to architectural designs embodied in three-dimensional building structures. An alleged infringer is prohibited from not only copying the architectural plans but also re-creating the building design even if the original architectural plans are not used (MacMurray) Many of the US architects and other design professionals are still unaware of the intellectual property laws regarding the industrial designs. The given case is a legal violation as far as US intellectual property laws are concerned. Grand Star may fell in deep trouble if they proceed with the stolen design. The legal disputes may affect the image of Grand Star and their future business prospects Management of a project based on a stolen design is difficult.

Creativity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Creativity - Essay Example The high demand for organic foods can be attributed to the benefits obtained from the food substances. Organic foods are nutritious and healthy because they do not contain harmful chemicals in farming. The main benefits of organic foods can be derived from their healthy and nutritious nature. Organic foods are produced using the best agricultural practices, which do not rely on synthetic fertilizers and chemical pesticides. The foods are also appealing to environmentally conscious consumers. These consumers prefer food substances, which have positive environmental impacts (Williams 21). The production of organic food is based on precise standards and practices of production. The main premise of labeling food substances as organic is the requirement for non-pesticide application (Reed 21). Organic foods refrain from the use of chemicals such as fungicides, herbicides, veterinary drugs, additives, synthetic preservatives and pesticides. As a result, hazardous residues are restricted to the lowest possible levels in organic foods. Organic foods avoid the use of chemicals and synthetic compounds because studies have established a negative correlation between exposure to pesticides and the development of dangerous health conditions (Hasler 3774). The presence of pesticides in food substances has been associated with acute health conditions such as eye and skin problems, vomiting, abdominal pains, nausea and headaches (Ungoed-Thomas 1). Long-term exposure increases the risk of severe chronic conditions such as memory deficits, respiratory problems and miscarriages. Besides the fact that organic foods have low pesticide and chemical residues, they also have high nutritional values and good taste. According to a study conducted in the European region, organic foods such as vegetables, fruits and milk are more nutritious and healthy compared to their non-organic equivalent. These studies found that organic foods had high levels or

Linguistics research Essay Example for Free

Linguistics research Essay 1. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. 3. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. . 4 Design features: it referred to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. 5. Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 6. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 7. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics. 8. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology. 9. Parole: it referred to the actual phenomena or data of linguistics. V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary: 1. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail. First of all, language is a system, because Elements of language are com ­ bined according to rules. Secondly, language is arbitrary because there is no intrinsic connection between form and meaning, or between the sign and what it stands for. Different languages have different words for the same ob ­ject in the world. This fact is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. This also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are just Symbols; they are associated with objects, actions, ideas, etc. by conven ­ tion. Thirdly, language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well developed their writing systems are. The term human in the definition indicates that language is possessed by human beings only and is very different from the communication systems of other living creatures. The term â€Å"communication means that language makes it possible for its users to talk to each other and fulfill their commu ­ nicative needs. 2. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples. 1) Arbitrariness As mentioned earlier, the arbitrary property of language means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. For instance, there is no nec ­ essary relationship between the word elephant and the animal it symbolizes. In addition, different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages, and even within the same language, the same sound does not refer to the same thing. However, language is not entirely arbitrary. There are words which are created in the imitation of sounds by sounds, such as crash, bang in English. Besides, some compound words are also not entirely arbitrary. But the non-arbitrary words are quite limited in number. The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions. 2) Productivity Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con ­ struction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences that they have never said or heard before. They can send messages which no one else has ever sent before. Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive. 3) Duality The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure of sounds, which are meaningless, discrete, individual sounds. But the sounds of language can be combined according to rules into units of meaning such as morphemes and words, which, at the higher level, can be arranged into sentences. This duality of structure or dou ­ ble articulation of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system has duality or even comes near to possessing it. 4) Displacement Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. Animal calls are mainly uttered in response to immediate changes of situation. 5) Cultural transmission Human beings were born with the ability to acquire language, but the details of any language are not genetically transmitted or passed down by instinct. They have to be taught and learned, but animal call systems are genetically trans ­ mitted. 3. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study? The description of a language at some point in time is a Synchronic study; the de ­ scription of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. A synchronic study of language describes a language as it is at some particular point in time, while a diachronic study of language is the study of the historical development of language over a period of time. 4. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written? First, the spoken form is prior to the writ ­ ten form and most writing systems are derived from The spoken form of lan ­ guage. Second, the spoken form plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed and it serves a wider range of purposes finally, the spoken form is the medium through which we acquire our mother tongue. 5. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole? The distinct, ion between langue, and parole was made by the famous Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure early this century. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation. 6. (1) What if there were no language? (2) What if there were only one language the world over? (3) What can we learn from this Bible story? Language is powerful as a tool of human communication. 7. (1) What measures do you suggest for protecting dialects as well as languages? (2) Do you think that someday people all over the world will speak only one language, or someday no dialect will exist? 8. Can our pets learn human languages? Why or why not? No. They are genetically not endowed with the 9. What role does body language play in language commun

Shakespeare Term Paper :: essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William Shakespeare was an Englishman who wrote poems and plays. According to many he was labeled as one of the greatest dramatists the world has ever known and the finest poets who wrote in the English language. No other writer’s plays have been produced so many times or read so widely in so many countries (Wadsworth 342).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On April 26, 1564, John Shakespeare and Mary Arden’s son, William, was baptized at the Stratford Parish Church. No one knows for certain when his birthday was. However, since most baptisms take place three days after birth, Shakespeare’s alleged birthday is April 23. He was the third of eight children (Biography.com). It was thought that young Shakespeare began attending a local grammar school at the age 7, in Stratford. He attended the school with other boys of his social class. Students spent nine hours a day in school and attended classes year round, except for brief holiday periods. In spite of his long hours spent in school, Shakespeare’s childhood was not likely boring. Stratford was a lively town, and for you William is could have been an exciting place to live (www.gale.com/freresrc/poets_cn/shakebio.htm).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway at the age of 18. Anne was at least 8 years her husband’s senior. The marriage record dates November 27, 1582 in an Episcopal register found in Worchester (Brown 45). The custom in Stratford after the eldest son married, was for the new couple to live in the house of the groom’s father. In all likelihood, Shakespeare obeyed the customary procedure (Wright 24). Arden gave birth only 6 months after they were legally wed to Shakespeare’s first child, Susanna. Early in 1585, Anne gave birth to twins- a boy, Hamnet and a girl, Judith. Hamnet was only 11 years old when he died (Wadsworth 345).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shakespeare lived in the Elizabethan Period in England, the time of Elizabeth I’s reign. This time saw England emerge as the leading naval and commercial power of the Western World. England consolidated its position with the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 and established the Church of England (www.gale.com/freresrc/poets_cn/shakebio.htm). England was characterized as a hierarchy and everyone lived under a strong feudal system (Singman 10). The quote by Thomas Nashe, 1593, sums up the system of rank: â€Å"Unfortunate is the man who does not have someone to look down upon.†(Davis 20). Queen Elizabeth was a fan of literature and theatre.

International Mareketing Management Of Mcdonald’s Essay

McDonalds one of the largest fast food selling restaurant chains in the world was established in 1940 by two brothers Richard and Maurice McDonalds. This restaurant started its business as a barbeque restaurant but latter specialized in making ham burgers, the restaurant got the attention of Ray Kroc an American businessman who became the franchising agent of McDonalds in 1955 and took McDonalds to its international growth. Ray Kroc made the McDonalds Corporation and added certain training facilities for employees which made McDonalds a divine training institution for student. McDonalds Corporation also introduced the Hamburger University which laid the very sole of quality management in students and provided scholarships to excel students and student employees of McDonalds. 1) International And Domestic Marketing Principles Of McDonalds: McDonalds, the global fast food giant with more than 34,000 local eating joints serving nearly 69 million people in 119 countries each day,[1] has a substantial presence in Pakistan. Though McDonalds insists on a universal standard the fast food behemoth still allows customization of its products and services meeting a particular business need. Yet the company’s franchisees across geographies have a similar approach to business in multiple parameters. A marked compatibility with regard to quality and service between McDonald restaurants, even they are far apart from each other in terms of geographical location, is the hallmark of the fast food giant. McDonalds Pakistan recognizes its socio-cultural context, hence has replaced traditional hamburger for halal food free of pork. The fast food chain also prefers to procure meat from local halal abattoir. The product promotion strategies, one of the key areas of marketing principles, always need to be agreed upon in order to optimize the market performance of McDonald. The US based company’s expansion in Pakistan would require working on commercials that can appeal to the local customers under the guidelines of Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA). 2) Growing Global Market Environment Of McDonalds: McDonald together with Lakson Group has incorporated Siza Foods (Pvt) Ltd to own a chain of 22 restaurants in Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad, Hyderabad & Faisalabad. McDonald relies on franchisee, or affiliated or organic expansion as a model for its growth. McDonald’s overseas growth plan including its Pakistan market must be in line with its current revenue, if not more. Also, the food chain would like its primary products to top its menu such as cheeseburgers, chicken, French fries, breakfast items, soft drinks, milkshakes and desserts. However, certain regional markets such as Pakistan must adapt to local demand for halal meat which would require hamburger to be replaced by halal meat. Also, the company should always remain prepared to changing consumer tastes – many regional customers forced McDonald to include salads, fish, wraps, smoothies and fruit. The local delicacies of Pakistan such as grilled Tandoori chicken may in the future menu of McDonald. Acquisition of rival businesses In this era of development and innovation McDonalds USA being highly flourished in its domestic market is spreading its business internationally. In growing globally McDonalds USA considered franchising as their mean, which is a safe, less costly and easy method with minimum legal obligations. McDonalds opened its first franchise in 1955 by Ray Kroc, who also established the McDonalds Corporation. Since then McDonalds is growing its business and now operates in 119 countries. In Pakistan McDonalds has given franchising rights to Lakson Group of Companies headed by Mr. Amin Lakhani. McDonalds Pakistan opened its first franchise in September 1998 in the city of Lahore, a week later it opened another franchise in Karachi and thus it went on increasing its franchises in 8 big cities of Pakistan. McDonalds USA however has taken over few small scale fast food retailers, who were facing difficulty in competing with competitors in the business. 3) Practical Marketing Cross Cultural Implication Of McDonalds Operation Abroad: McDonalds USA being in its domestic market is well aware of the cultural implication prevailing in USA, which tends the growth of McDonalds as it knows the language, culture, society and laws of the country. In case of McDonalds Pakistan there are barriers to McDonalds USA on various grounds like power distance, individualism, uncertainty, masculinity and long term orientation. In Pakistan the society is based on certain social and cultural grounds that does not allow people will less experience to participate in decision making, in this way there is an unjust power distribution were people are feel bound and limited as to decisions made by elders. In Pakistan in all most all fields of business individualism is observed where task are being created by directors which are then followed by managers and carried on to subordinates, in a way were the directors take all stress of creating the idea rather than considering a group discussion on the point. In Pakistan the uncertainty element is high due to lack of security issue in the country and unstable law and order prevailing in the country, which tends businesses to be very cautious when taking certain business decisions. The socio-culture environment in Pakistan is based on a male dominant society, were the decision making is restricted to male members of society and there is a lack of equality of thoughts as women mostly are not allowed to part in decision making. Pakistan being one of the underdeveloped countries is far from looking at long term orientation as country faces many financial and economic crises which restricts businesses to look at long term orientation and compels them to take part in short term goals. 4) Current And Potential Cultural Differences: Food industries wither prevailing in its domestic or international market has to follow cultural trends of the country in which it is to operate. In the context of McDonalds USA and McDonalds Pakistan both prevail in countries with entirely different cultural grounds. The culture prevailing in USA is quiet broad minded, where they consider freedom of speech, less religious resistance and equality of gender. Being so McDonalds USA enjoys many privileges due to freedom of speech and less religious resistance, where they can sell their products without any regards of being halal or haram, they can make advertisements keeping away from certain explicit materials which are exempted by American law. In American society equality of gender allows women to work for their living which has helped McDonalds USA to recruit female staff in their stores. The culture of Pakistan is narrow minded as compared to USA , where freedom of speech is limited within social, moral and religious grounds, religion plays a vital role in almost every expect of life and gender equality is not observed as women are not encouraged to work and participate in career building activities. In this case McDonalds Pakistan has to work in limitation of Islamic Sharia and has to make its products with halal ingredients. McDonalds Pakistan also has to make advertisement of its products in limitation of rules set by PEMRA. In Pakistan women are not allowed by their families to work in an environment where they would be serving men or dressed in an uncultured manner which restricts women to work in a food chain like McDonalds. First and foremost, according to a Hadith in Al-Tirmidhi, it has been narrated by Hadhrat Abu Darda (Radi Allah Anho) that alcohol is the key to all evil; this is consuming it or selling it. It is totally Haraam to sell alcohol and the income earned is also Haraam. It is Haraam for a Muslim to sell something that is Haraam for him to eat or use. The Holy Prophet, Hadhrat Muhammad-ur Rasullullaah (Sallallaahu Alayhi Wasallam) said, â€Å"If Allah Taa’la makes Haraam the consumption of something; He also makes Haraam its transaction.† (Musnad Ahmad, Hadith no. 2546)[2] (2.1) Project Management Techniquesof McDonalds: McDonalds USA a company form by merger of two companies initiated its project with a franchise selling burgers and milk shakes. The company followed the traditional approach of project management techniques were they planned and designed their production, quality, distribution, staffing criteria and location. After the planning and designing of these ideas by McDonalds USA they started execution of these ideas and concentrated on further construction of these ideas. McDonalds USA after putting its ideas in action worked on ways to control and monitor it by making certain software that would allow it check its sales, inventory and financial summary in real time. This project development technique used by McDonalds USA has made its business successful in USA to a great extent and has also created an image in the international market which is spreading its business across the globe. Pakistan’s market being a complex and unfamiliar market for McDonalds USA has led to providing franchising authority to Lakson group of companies a leading business group in Pakistan, which knows the business trends in the country and how to act in according to it. This group has helped McDonalds Pakistan to grow in a flourishing manner as most elements in the country are against American commodities. (2.2) Different Stages of McDonalds international marketing development including: – Domestic – Ethnocentric – Polycentric and – Geocentric. These different stages were introduced Howard V in 1969. These stages indicate the staffing preferences of any firm in an international market. The Domestic stage refers to allocating or recruiting staff from within the country of the company. The Ethnocentric stage is similar to domestic stage in terms of staff recruitment but the country in which the company recruits staff is not its own country. The Polycentric stage refers to employ staff from the country in which you are doing business. The Geocentric stage refers to employ staff throughout the globe in order to achieve the objectives of the firm by using skillful people of the world. These stages have emerged due too certain aspect prevailing in the world, which tends multinational companies to adopt these stages. McDonalds being a multinational fast food chain has adopted different stages in different countries. In Pakistan McDonalds has adopted Polycentric view of staffing. This is due to many reasons like language barrier, religious aspect prevailing in the country, lack of security reasons for foreigners and high ratio of unemployment of the locals in the country. As compared to McDonalds in America where there are both domestic and geocentric views of employment. This is due to the difference in their countries environment, thinking and political condition. (2.3) Market Research Process of McDonalds in International Marketing: McDonalds being world famous in its fast food chain and delivering its best in making delicious and unique burgers has to go through certain market research process for the international market. This marketing research process has to be worked out by following a range of steps in order to accomplish tasks which curtail the research. These tasks are related to problem identification, setting objectives, data collection and analyses and finally preparing the report of the research. Before entering the Pakistani market McDonalds had to do a thorough market research in which they firstly highlighted the areas of problem they will have to work on, secondly they made objectives to solve these problems, for this purpose they started collecting data through both primary and secondary sources which would provide helpful information to them regarding their problems and after collection of the data through public serves, various economist, external sources and advertisement, they analyzed these collected data and got solutions through their problems. Due to the through market research by McDonalds it is now successfully flourishing its business in Pakistan. (2.4) Market Choice and Market Entry Strategy Options Used By McDonalds: When deciding to start a fast food chain of the west like McDonalds in a country like Pakistan who follows and practices Islamic Laws and Sharia McDonalds will have to face many Barriers of its entry, to overcome these barriers McDonalds will have to make certain strategies. The first and foremost barrier is socio cultural barrier which states to the religious aspect in the country that allows to deal only in Halal commodities, to overcome this McDonalds will have to provide its franchise Halal meat and ingredients. The second barrier is the source of capital for running its business, to see through this problem McDonalds has started subscribing its Franchising to the locals of Pakistan and does not have to invest on its own and enjoys loyalty from them. The third barrier is the terms and tariffs prevailing in Pakistan, to face this barrier McDonalds will have to organize its business in the prospective terms and tariffs of the country. (2.5) Impact Of Cost Leadership, Differentiation and Focus On Branding, Brand Strength and Recognition in Country Specific Markets of McDonalds: Cost leadership is a process through which a company focuses on producing commodities or product at lowest cost. This process is dependent upon the companies prospective of its performance, size, scale and experience. A fast growing worldwide food chain like McDonalds also focuses on branding, brand strength and recognition of it brands in country specific markets. Branding refers to making an indication of a specific company in terms of logo, picture, mark or delivering a certain look of a commodity. McDonalds also make certain analysis on its brand strength in terms of its competitors by making Qualitative and Quantitative analysis on its customers. The outcome from these researches helps McDonalds in making any changes to its products for gaining strength of its brand and also making its recognition in the country specific market. The restaurant industry is known for yielding low margins that can make it difficult to compete with a cost leadership marketing strategy. McDonald’s has been extremely successful with this strategy by offering basic fast-food meals at low prices. They are able to keep prices low through a division of labor that allows it to hire and train inexperienced employees rather than trained cooks. It also relies on few managers who typically earn higher wages. These staff savings allow the company to offer its foods for bargain prices.[3] (3.1) International Product Strategies ofMcDonalds: In international product strategies McDonald USA uses different strategies as compared to its international market in McDonalds Pakistan. In USA the company produces its product in a standard manner, where commodities are prepared as per the standard of the people in the country. The America food cuisine mostly consists of burgers with western mild spices and a preference of tender burger patties not considered overcooking the meat and removing its flavors. In McDonalds Pakistan the taste preference of the people is different as compared to the American society. In Pakistan people follow the Indian cuisine of curries, tempting spices, rich flavored food, and nicely cooked meat. In this case McDonalds USA cannot adopt the same standards of taste in McDonalds Pakistan as it would not satisfy the customers in the country, who are not familiar with the taste of western community. In this case McDonalds Pakistan will be on a different verge of innovation rather than extending on the same methods of production of USA. (3.2) Pricing Strategies For Market Penetration Used By McDonalds: McDonalds USA has adopted a reasonable pricing strategy for its market, which makes McDonalds USA affordable for the people with different level of income. McDonald’s is using Value-Pricing Strategy whereby its offer just the right combination of quality and good service at a fair price to their consumers.[4] This shows McDonalds USA competitive pricing strategy, which is keeping it above its competitors and helping it to become people’s choice. In McDonalds Pakistan the same Value Pricing strategy is being adopted by Lakson group, but the company is not prospering in the same capacity as McDonalds USA as the level of income of population in Pakistan is low and a majority of people cannot afford a quality meal. This has limited the market penetration of McDonalds in Pakistan as people expect low prices on food products, which the company cannot beer. (3.3) Objectives of International Communication Campaign: McDonalds being recognized by the world as a great food retailer has to maintain an international communication campaign, which tends to keep in touch with customer feedback as well country or region feedback, but this international communication campaign has laid certain issues when concerned with McDonalds Pakistan and other such country were polices are similar to Pakistan. In Pakistan the national language is Urdu, the country is an Islamic state, target audience is completely different from USA or other countries and it has a different culture and feedback of the people for the communication campaign. Hence McDonalds follows different communication campaign in different country and is making progress towards it development. McDonalds however has raised a slogan which say â€Å"I’m lovin’ it† is set on international standard and is being followed in all the countries were McDonalds is operating. (3.4) Elements of Marketing Mix In Relation to International Markets: McDonalds being spread around the globe on the basis of franchising has less to do with international delivery as its main purpose is to monitor the standard it has set for its product. McDonalds however uses different packaging, storage and delivery procedures in USA and Pakistan. In Pakistan the storage and packaging standard are being checked and prepared by Lakson Group, this group is also responsible for sending the supplies to the franchises prevailing in the country and making shore that these supplies come from a halal source. The delivery of the products to the customers are being monitored by a call center who checks the availability of the products and sends the order to most nearest franchise of the corresponding customer, that can deliver the product in a reasonable amount of time. In USA the same procedure is being followed however the regulatory body is the McDonalds organization itself. (3.5) Importance of E-Services to Other Countries: In this new era of innovation of and improvement e services has played a major role by making sharing of information, transaction and techniques easy, simple and quick. McDonalds USA being a spread across the globe has made its mark by these services by aware people of their products and deals. These e service has helped McDonalds USA in many ways, firstly by transmitting its idea to the public, secondly by gaining feedbacks from its customer through their website, thirdly by collecting data from its operating franchises and fourthly by collecting information from different sources for new potential markets and their requirement. McDonalds Pakistan has also made benefits of these e services and provided various useful information on its website and certain suggestion and feedback form for inquire of their customer. This e services also make customer aware of their future events and new products and deals to be offered.