English Journey Essay

Journeys lead to greater understanding. They can be physical, inner or imaginative and can allow one to gain self-awareness, discover their flaws and weaknesses as well as gain spiritual enlightenment. That journeys can lead to greater understanding can be seen in TS Eliot’s poem The Love Song, Philip Otto Rouge artwork Dawn, Harwood’s poem In the Park and Victor Kellesher’s book cover Ivory trail. Journeys lead to greater understanding. This can be seen in The Love Song†¦ where Prufrock gains self-awareness of his isolated and insignificant status. He experienced both a physical and imaginative journey. Prufrock is a man who is a mid aged man, single and a pessimist. He isolates himself and is afraid of making decisions, as he is worried that he would be making a fool and mockery of himself. Being a pessimist he always thinks negatively about how he lives. The inner journey, in which Prufrock takes the reader reveals the different sides of him, such as his lack of confidence and also his dissatisfaction in the way he lives his life. The imagination of Prufrock leads him to make notes about mermaids, referring them to the Greek myth and how they would sing and lure sailors to their death. In this line Prufrock shows an inferiority complex as he states that the mermaids would not sing to him, as he is not important enough. An invitation from Prufock to the reader to a unnamed destination establishes and initiates a physical journey ; through the physical journey he leads the reader to various places in the city where there are cheap hotels surrounded by lower-class restaurants. Due to the surrounding it leads Prufrock to think of the â€Å"overwhelming question†. In the first stanza a physical journey is evident. The departure time would be during evenings â€Å"When evening is spread out against the like a patient etherised upon a table†. Prufrock compares the sky to a patient through simile. The feeling of helplessness is brought out with the word â€Å"etherised†. As the poem goes on personification becomes evident in â€Å"Streets that follow like a tedious argument†, describing the streets they are walking on as very dull and long similar to a long argument between people. The contrast of the streets to an argument also reflects on the use of simile. Journeys lead to greater understanding. Philip Otto Rouge, who takes the viewer through an imaginative journey, can perceive this in the painting â€Å"Dawn†. The journey is of a religious one, as the lighting in the painting hints a form of the cross, and its innocence and purity of the journey. Also, while light can reflect the knowledge and realisation one gains when undertaking an imaginative journey, the light becomes a symbol of a journey of enlightenment. With a frameless blue sky at the top of the painting it implies that this imaginative journey has no set boundary therefore it is limitless and contains endless possibilities. It is what the individual’s eye and mind perceives it. The angels that are represented as children painted in white and somewhat transparent symbolising the purity and innocence of childhood. With the transparency of the angels suggesting that there is no impurity seen, as they are holy. The musical instruments, also suggest the possibility that this imaginative journey is of a harmonious one. With the women positioned in the centre of the painting, it also shows her relationship with earth and heaven as she is in between them both. Being positioned close to the centre of the cross indicates that she is holy. This woman can be seen portrayed as Eve who was made by God to live on earth and accompany Adam. She is can be conveyed as a symbol of fertility as she was the first woman and also took part in the start of the cycle of human life on earth. This links earth and heaven together as a journey. The small star at the top of the painting, which can be faintly seen, represents the hope and desire of purity that was once been lost due to the sins of Eve. Therefore, Dawn exhibits the greater understanding through the journeys as it is of a religious one that contains enlightenment, but it may not all be harmonious and pure as can be seen when looked further in depth. Journeys can lead to greater understanding, as journey can lead to another journey. Through a physical journey, the protagonist from In the Park experiences an inner journey, which allows her to reflect on motherhood. An inner journey can lead to the reflection of one’s identity, reminisce, unfulfilled potential, self-destruction and low self-esteem. The opening use of a monosyllabic sentence of her mundane life triggers her inner journey to self-reflection. With harsh words such as â€Å"tug† it resembles her being pulled down and â€Å"aimless patterns† represents her life having no direction or goal in which she can follow. The use of past tense in the word â€Å"loved† shows she is not experiencing joyful emotions now, but instead â€Å"-â€Å" the anxiousness or shock on her reflection in her current situation. too late† the enjambment forces her to go through an inner journey unwillingly. After meeting the person she has once loved and a superficial conversation starts, she begins to realise the difference between them. Being self-conscious of herself the phrase â€Å"but for the grace of God† has been inverted from a normal situation to a negative one. And â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬  emphasises the shock going through her head, acting as a harsh stimulus of her realisation to life. With the description of â€Å"flickering light† in line 9, symbolising the fading of hope to retain her past life. The superficial conversation about the children, which have taken over her life is in a hopeful tone as if it was a self-reassurance about her life. Though the last imagery given of her journey is her nursing her baby, a parody of Mother Mary holding baby Jesus. She is stripped of her identity and emotions in her inner journey as â€Å"They have eaten me alive†. Through her journey the protagonist in In the Park comes to greater understanding of her situation and position in life after going through her physical and inner journey.

Physiology

You recorded the data in Chart 1 on page 35. E the data to produce a Graph that will clearly show how the effects Ion the resting membrane potential when the KEF concentration of Is high and when the KEF concentration of An+ is low. Hint: take in consideration that independent variable is not a numeric but a category. (4 points) The following questions will require you to do some Web search. 2. Loading Is a commonly used anesthetic. What is the molecular composition of Loading. (type of macromolecule and formula) (2 points). 3. List three specific usages of loading (1 points each = 3 points) 1. 3. 4.Provide the name of two vendors of loading and four (4) brand names for this anesthetic (1 points each) Vendors Brand Names 1 OFF 5. Explain the precise mechanism behind Loading effect on action potential in nerves. Indicate to what type of integral proteins Loading binds to, the effect on such proteins and what will be the effect on the generation of an action potential and on the transm ission of the action potential. (4 points) 6. Loading is commonly administrated topically to anesthetize the nerve endings in the dermis that are activated by noxious stimulus resulting in the nerve conduction f impulses that are perceived as â€Å"pain†.Draw a figure of the transverse section of the Shinto show the layers of the epidermis and structures of the dermis (do not forget to include the nerve endings). Use the Diagram to indicate all the layers of cells the Loading has to go through to reach the nerve endings. (Figures copied and pasted form the internet will not be accepted, you have to draw your own version of a figure) (5 points). 7. What cell membrane transport do you suspect moves Loading from the surface of the epidermis all the way down the nerve endings. (1 point)

Early Modern Athens and Early Travellers to Greece Essay

Early Modern Athens and Early Travellers to Greece - Essay Example Since its formation in the Mycenaean Period, there have been several different civilizations that have brought new changes and new eras to the Athenian and Greek society as a whole. Each new era ushered in important societal changes that brought differing levels of modernization to the city as Greece continued to grow in importance throughout Europe and eastern civilizations. Though unified under a single ruler for many centuries, Greece not once in its long history ever unite all of its city-states to form what we now recognize as a nation until modern times (Wilson). In ancient Greece, each city-state was placed under a ruler as a territory who was governed by the emperor or king with no other unity among them. The people could relate to one another through their culture. For example, they all spoke the same language and worshipped the same gods, though they did not recognize themselves as belonging to the same union (Constantine). The ideals of a united Greek society began under t he rule of Phillip of Macedon and ended when the empire was pulled apart after the death of his son, Alexander, in 323 B.C. The Hellenic ideal of a united empire began in 338 B.C. with the Battle of Chaeronea, where Athens fell to the invading Macedonian king, Phillip (Constantine). It was after this battle that the city-states, most notably including Athens, lost their independence, eventually leading toward the unification of the Greek territories. This marked an important milestone in Greek history as Phillip of Macedon defeated the Persians, thus freeing the Greek people from slavery. Phillip ushered in the Classical Age of Greece, a time marked both by war and significant literary and cultural advances to the Greek society. His ideals of a Hellenic Greece were spread by his son, Alexander the Great, who took the throne in 336 B.C. Phillip also brought with him a new ruling class of Greeks, the Macedonians (Martin). The strength of their armies and their immense wealth set the Macedonians apart from the other Greek races. Their superiority in education and military expertise set the stage for the con quests of Alexander the Great. Alexander and his armies spread the ideals of a united Greek empire as they set out and conquered the Persians, India, and parts of Asia within a seven year period. The young ruler's goal was to spread the Greek empire to the sea, believing that in reaching the ocean he would reach the edge of the world. In each conquered land, Alexander set up new Greek cities, promoting them as centers of culture and civilization. He spread the Greek language into Asia, making it the predominant language of trade at the time. During the rule of Alexander, Athens lost its place as a dominant city in the empire (Martin). Alexander's new cultural cities were designed to enhance the education of the people, particularly in the sciences, as well as to end the Macedonian racial views of the supposed barbarians who occupied the lands to the east. The growing importance of these new cities as cultural centers left Athens obsolete in the new empire. The city still retained its importance as a wealthy learni ng center. Alexander passed away suddenly in 323 B.C. before his dream was realized. The true beginning of the Hellenic period in Greek history is marked with the

Performance Pay at Safelite Auto Glass Case Study - 1

Performance Pay at Safelite Auto Glass - Case Study Example The installer’s problem as identified in the PPP was related to the turnover rates. It has been found that the turnover rate of the company has been quite high because the glass installation was a seasonal business. The busy periods were spring and summer and it was found that at this time, the competition for new hires was mounting. However, the demand for the windshield replacement troughed and as a result, the repair shops found it necessary to lay off many of their workers and hire them back during spring and summer. In addition to this, another biggest problem was associated with technicians who were lured by other companies’ offer, which promised to pay them a fraction more than what they were currently receiving. Therefore, as a result, it was evident that the installers were changing their jobs since they were paid a Dollar more an hour and were allowed to take the company’s truck home at night. In order to reduce the turnover rate, Safelite also offered truck privileges for a time being, but then stopped it later. It was a matter of concern for the recruiters in HR with regards to getting technicians from other companies to come to Safelite. After going through the case study, it can be revealed that the Performance Pay Plan was revised for both the managers as well as the technicians. It was decided to pay the technicians according to the piece rate system rather than the wage rate system which was previously being practised. The plan was implemented for the technicians to receive the piece rate for every windshield that they installed. According to this plan, the number of windshields that the technician would install in a week would be accumulated. As a result, the technicians’ pay for the week was decided to be based upon the number of installations. The new plan brought both advantages and disadvantages to the technicians. Previously, the technicians received $10-$12 an hour. However, it was analyzed that according to the new PPP, the technicians would receive $15.22 per hour.  

(Organizational Behaviour) You are asked to write an essay focusing on

(Organizational Behaviour) You are asked to write an focusing on ONE of the themes explored in the course. In support, you should make reference to at least two of the exhibits reproduced below - Essay Example This paper intends to deal with the issue of post bureaucratic organizations and the concern of flexibility with them. This new form is defined as a hybrid form of organizational structure and offers â€Å"insight into the intrinsic difficulties involved in the refurbishment of large complex organizations† (Josserand, Teo & Clegg, 2006, pp. 54-55). The form of post-bureaucratic organization has grown significant in the recent years (Erickson et al, 2009, p. 144). This term had been devised in the 1980’s (Corporate Planning and Strategic Human Resources Management, n.d). The structure of a post-bureaucratic organization exceeds the traditional bureaucratic organizations in the sense that in these newer structures facilitate the handling a vast range of conditions. Post bureaucratic organization allows a â€Å"flexible and self-(re-)fashioning enactments of work and self† (Iedema, 2003, p. 53). The â€Å"elements of an organic structure† (Josserand, Teo & Clegg, 2006, pp. 54-55) are combined with more internalized as well as indirect forms of control. Post bureaucracy is no t entirely achievable in its pure form. Some organizations adopt a post-bureaucratic rhetoric as well as maintain the traditional structural hierarchies. But it often creates â€Å"tensions between post-bureaucratic aspirations and traditional work practices† (Iedema, 2003, p. 2). Enhancement of the transparency of work is one of the key goals of the post-bureaucratic organization. This is to be achieved through â€Å"knowledging, communication and interaction† (Iedema, 2003, p. 193). It is aimed at changing the practices that lead to the maintenance of preset benchmarks, standards and other meta-discursive constructs. This calls for proper communications within and among teams and verticals. This increases the credibility of the organizations and improves the level of efficacy of

Analyse and design a small database application based on the given Coursework

Analyse and design a small database application based on the given case study - Coursework Example Mechanics-I also interviewed mechanics for one of the branches for Mercedes Company and obtained the following information, there is a chief mechanic whose work is to issue jobs at the garage; he can issue a service job to one or many mechanics at the garage depending on the magnitude of the job. There sometimes when some Mechanics are off duty thus they are not issued any job. A mechanic records parts to be bought and the actual cost of labor and notifies the customer care department so that the department can contact the relevant customer. Customer care – after a service has been done, the customer care depart contacts the owner and sends him/her and invoice as per the service done. Brainstorming I would hold a meeting which would have the representation of all the parties, stakeholders and departments involved. The meeting would have a director from the Mercedes Company, a few customers from different branches of the Mercedes Company, a few mechanics, chief engineers and cu stomer care employees from different branches of the Mercedes Company. We would brain storm on how we want the system work in order to fully satisfy the needs of the involved people. Secondly I may issue questionnaire to the people in the meeting so that they fill so as I get to know how each person who works in the service wants his/her work simplified. After interviewing the involved parties and brainstorming I should research for on similar garage databases and obtain the requirements that are behold the user’s perception. Question 2 Find the diagram attached in another file. Question 3 Customer table Table name Attribute Data type Length Domain Primary key Foreign key Null customer CusNo int 10 yes no customer FirstNames varchar 50 no customer LastName varchar 50 no customer Location varchar 100 no customer Mobile varchar 100 no customer Email varchar 100 yes customer passportNo varchar 50 yes Customer S.CenterNo int 10 yes Car table Tablename Attribute Datatype Length Do main Primary key Foreign key Null Car RegNo varchar 50 yes no Car carname varchar 100 no Car model varchar 100 no Car Make varchar 100 no Car Datepurchased date no Car showroomNo int 10 yes no Car cusNo int 10 yes no Showroom table Tablename Attribute Datatype Length Domain Primary key Foreign key Null Showroom roomNo int 10 yes No showroom roomName varchar 50 No showroom location varchar 100 No showroom telephoneAddress varchar 100 No Company details Tablename Attribute Data type Length Domain Primary key Foreign key Null company companyNo int 10 yes No company name varchar 50 No company logo image 16 No company location varchar 100 No company webSite varchar 100 Yes company EmailAddress varchar 100 Yes company imageFile varchar 250 No Garage details Tablename Attribute Data type Length Domain Primary key Foreign key Null Garage GarageNo int 10 yes No Garage name varchar 50 No Garage logo image 16 No Garage location varchar 100 No Garage telephoneAdd varchar 100 No Garage EmailAddr ess varchar 100 Yes Garage RoomNo int 10 yes Service details Tablename Attribute Data type Length Domain Primary key Foreign key Null service ServiceNo int 10 yes No service DateofService date 50 No service TypeOfService varchar 200 No service PartsReplaced varchar 100 yes service Labourcost varchar 100 No service partsCost varchar 100 yes s

Effect of the Black Death in England on London's culture, population Essay

Effect of the Black Death in England on London's culture, population and economy between 1348 and about 1500 - Essay Example The manner in which the plague quickly spread is rather disheartening. The action of the Sicilians to close their Messina port necessitated the ships from the east to seek available port alongside the Mediterranean. As such, the plague quickly grew and spread into the nations where these plague harboring ships anchored. In this way, the plague was responsible for the demise of approximately one third’s of England’s population. In approximately four years, the plague had covered almost the entire world. This illustrates the grave situation that had been fashioned by the plague. As such, it is imperative to analyze the exact impact of this plague on England as a whole. The steady growth that had characterized England prior to the plague experienced a sudden turn. The extent of deaths that were being realized from the plague has a resounding impact on the religious, economic, social and political structures. The fact that the ships could not anchor in Messina was not enoug h grounds to explain the sporadic nature of the spread of the plague. In sourcing the answer to this question, the situation that existed in England prior to the incidence of the Black Death, has to be highlighted. The source of the plague was from the fleas that were preset in animals. This is especially the big black rats. As long as the animals were alive, the fleas stayed with their host. However, a problem arose when these animals died; and the fleas had nowhere to go. In their search for a new host, they tended to also attack humans. As such, the fact that the plague killed one third of the entire England population, it left a significantly large impact on the political, economic and religious structure of England. At the time of the plague, England had been fiercely catholic; as such it is imperative to outline the impact of the Black Plague on religion in England. The plague had its most catastrophic impact in the cities (Sloanb 45). This is based on the fact that the cities had been characterized by overcrowding. Another factor that aided in this unrestricted spread was the low standards of sanitation in the cities at the time. The relative quick period between infection and ultimate demise had a profound impact on the religious practices at the time. The period of the 14th century was a period of profound religious inclinations. England was largely catholic. As such, it was a convention that people would die with their last rights and having confessed their sins. However, this procedure could not be sustained given the vast number of deaths that were being recorded. This compelled the Pope Clement VI to give remission to all those deaths was a directly sourced from the Black Plague. This is because the clergy were unable to be at the bedside of everyone who died. The religious transformation allowed the dying to confess their sins to anyone at their bedside. So much was the need to have people at the bedside of the dying that people were also allowed to confess to women. This had previously been unacceptable in the catholic religion. However, given the nature of the situation, this had to be accepted. The reliance on the clergy hit low probabilities given the characteristic of the plague in attacking isolated populations exemplified by monasteries. It is no surprise that people thought that the plague was as a result

History The World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

History The World - Essay Example This schism between the two churches is noticeable even today. In the West, there were hurdles of economic and geographical reasons as well. Western Europe was far removed from the new trade routes and geographically, it was difficult for any kind of unity to develop. Then a series of invasions from c. 700 to 1000 also put a halt on European development, making the spread of Christianity more difficult in these times. Later on, there would be philosophical and cultural obstacles. For instance, the debate between ‘Reason’ and ‘Faith’ began after 1000 CE and the creation of schools and rise of scholarly activity led to the development of subjects like ‘natural philosophy.’ The emphasis shifted to law, medicine, nature and other subjects that humans could fully comprehend. The power that religion enjoyed previous over the masses began to dwindle. We see therefore that the spread of Christianity into Europe and China was fraught with obstacles of various sorts: cultural, political, philosophical and intellectual. It would take Christian missionaries many years to be able to successfully overcome these obstacles to their efforts at spreading the message of

Compare the management of a public service in the UK to that of one Essay

Compare the management of a public service in the UK to that of one other country of your choice. What does the comparison tell you about the factors that shape public management in each country - Essay Example igned to provide specified benefits, financial risk cover, and improved access to health services with the goal of improving the health outcomes (Baum, 2009). The healthcare programs are not meant to provide coverage for all people of the country and neither are they meant to provide treatment for all ailments. The healthcare policies are decided by three important dimensions. These refer to the people who are covered, the services that are covered along with the extent of costs that are covered. The topic of healthcare is selected since it affects all citizens of a nation. While rich people can afford to take private medical treatment and healthcare, the poor and middle class people, retirees and those with disabilities depend on the social healthcare systems to survive and lead a meaningful life. These are the reasons for selecting the topic. UK and USA are two nations that have a very effective and much debated healthcare system that are advanced and equitable in the application ( Rogers, 1997). Hence, these two nations are selected. Next chapters will examine various issues related to this subject. As a matter of policy, NHS collaborates and works with international organisations such as WHO, UNO, UNICEF and other health and social care agencies. NHS has a sustainable development unit called NHS SDU and this department takes up projects with WHO to develop support packages for WHO European Member States. NHS provides projects help on two components. These are the technical guidance for sustainable health systems and the international route map. As such, NHS does not obtain any funds from international organisations and its activities are guided by the NHS board (NHS SDU, 2012). Hofstedes cultural dimensions provide an indication of the national culture of a nation. It indicates the manner in which citizens of a country would respond to certain situations, the manner in which they react to positions of authority and power and the manner in which they react as a

Concord - Massachusetts Essay Example for Free

Concord Massachusetts Essay Although the transcendentalism movement was an extremely long time ago the ideas are still pertinent today. When Henry David Thoreau said, â€Å"Let him step to the music which he hears, however measured or far away. It is not important that he should mature as soon as an apple tree or an oak†(247), that he would be telling people to be themselves many generations later. The transcendentalism movement took place during the early 1800’s when America was developing its own writing style. The authors of the time all thought in the same wavelength. Some of them, such as Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson belonged to a transcendentalism club in which they shared their ideas. Thoreau had ideas that he firmly believed in and tried to act upon his ideas. He wanted to live in solitude and be one with nature, so he went to Walden Pond and was semi-secluded from society. Except for a couple of times when he went to the nearby town for things he needed he was on his own. He did well with it, but wanted to move on with his life so he left Walden. After his experience, he decided to write about it in his book, Walden Pond. Thoreau tried to live his life based on his ideas no matter how extreme they may have been. These transcendentalists had many ideas that seemed to others to be extremely impractical. The authors thought that they could transform the world through their ideas. One of their main ideas was that we are all true individuals and should not conform to whatever the â€Å"norm† is. Thoreau tells us to live our own life, whether it be good or bad, it is ours. â€Å"However mean your life is, meet it and live it; do not shun it or call it hard names†(247). Also, we should do the morally right thing. We should do what our heart says is right and not always listen to our heads. They also wrote in an optimistic view and their writings were very inspiring. All of their ideas are relevant today on some level. People are reading Emerson and Thoreau as though they were on the current best sellers list. Not everybody reads the material because they are assigned it, but rather they are using it as a tool to find out how to live their lives. All of our lives we are told to be ourselves and not to go along with the crowd, and that is the same thing Thoreau said over a century ago. Furthermore, we are told to do the right thing, however, today we use more our heads than our hearts to make decisions. As we read their writings weare inspired to change our lives, but most of us find it to hard to change. As a society we like to choose the easy way out, and in this case it is a lot easier to go along with the crowd than it is to stand out. We care so much about fitting in that we don’t want to be different because we fear that nobody will like our true personalities. Henry David Thoreau was trying to inspire his generation to lead their own lives, but he must have had a loud voice because we hear him loud and clear many years later. Unfortunately, we don’t have the courage that he had to act on his ideas. It is almost as if we are not born individually anymore, now societies are born as a whole and they do not contain any individuals. We need to spend more time stepping to the beat of our own drummer.

Life for ofelia of pans labyrinth

Life for ofelia of pans labyrinth Introduction (2,500) In the year of 2006 we saw two girls fall down a rabbit hole of mystery, wonder and danger. Two female protagonists engaged with the fantasy worlds of Terry Gilliams Tideland (2006) and Guillermo Del Toros Pans Labyrinth (2006). For Jeliza Rose in Tideland, life was hard and lonely and so she began to slip into a shape-shifting and somewhat surreal version of her difficult reality. Life for Ofelia of Pans Labyrinth, is the violent and unforgiving environment of fascist Spain ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­, where she befriends a faun and learns of a fantastical realm where she is princess. These girls are faced with tough and unsympathetic realities and a fall down the rabbit hole somewhat rescues them. Next in 2007, The Bridge to Terabithia (2007) presents another child protagonist whose engagement with an alternate reality has shocking and shattering effects. It is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore the .. This is part of a recent and unmistakeable revival of interest in fantasy; ‘in the last few years, fantasy in general has roared back into a prominent place in popular culture'[1] with the emergence of screen adaptations of fantasy novels. The pivotal year for the resurgence in fantasy was 2001 where the first instalment of J.K. Rowlings Harry potter with Chris Colombuss Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone (2001) and the first part of J.R.R. Tolkiens The Lord of the Rings with Peter Jacksons The Fellowship of the Ring(2001) gained box office success a subsequent ‘global hunger for fantasy'[2]has been revealed. David butler contemplates an apparant golden age of fantasy[3] due to the recent commodifcation of the fantastic. Howvere there have been despite a general lack of study and theorising of the fantastic there has been some abundance in analysis since this revival yet there seems to be a gap in the field in terms of the focus of the child portagonist in relation t o the contentoius and debeateable problem of escapism. This paper contenplates the how each of theses films engage with fantasy and wthat the implications of escapism are. A considertaion within films diegesis concerning the child protagonists relation to escapism and alternate realities is made What is interesting about each of the studied films is all concern pubescent child protagonists who journey to alternate worlds. The child hero figure is profound, timeless and powerful and this immense popularity has many implications for the audience. by constructing a cinematic viewpoint from a childs perspective, filmmakers make assumptions about the nature of childhood. The ‘childhood as a point of view is rendered by filmmakers where the child, or children, feature, often at the centre of the narrative, while at the same time, signifcanlty acting as the narrator. These are films that use a child to take us on a journey of discovery. ESCAPISM ARGUMENT?-that these dark fantasy films present inncoence against adult vice and that subsequently ADULTS FEEL UNCOMFOTABLE AND REACT NEGATIVELY. The childs superior wisdom, an assumed vantage point of innocence and ‘greater access to fantasy, leaves the adults in the audience to see their own absurdity and harshness through the eyes of the child,[4] this is a prevalent feeling in Tideland and Pans Labyrinth as the sexual promiscuity of Dell and the violence and corruptedness of Captain Vidal is set against the fragile youthfulness of the Ofelia and Jeliza-Rose. ESCAPISM ARGUMENT!!!!Through the eyes of the child, we engage with the wonderous and the strange, which becomes a ‘reservoir of strength for the child. The notion that the child as an innocent, pure and untouched figure is one that is enchanting to audiences and filmmakers alike. The young feisty female protagonists in these films have developed and are a far cry from the passive and submissive, one dimensional characters of Disney. This is significant in the development of the child protagonist and alternate world fairytale as Disney dominated that fairytale on film niche. The innovative animation of Disney was indeed extraordinary, yet in Jack Zipes view Disney actually promoted the ‘domestication of the imagination.[5] Walt Disneys fairytale films offered an ‘eternal return of the same, with stereotypical characters and a significant emphasis on thematic structure aswell as an encouragement of ‘non-reflective reviewing.[6] Zipes makes the argument that Disney produces emotionally comforting, unchallenging material. In contrast to Disneys reproduction of fairytale film, Guillermo Del Toros Pans Labyrinth, Terry Gilliams tideland and Gabor Csupos The Bridge to Terabithias combines; a rendering of the fairytale narrative (in the case of Pans Labyrinth), various styles and themes to create complex and challenging films that cross generic boundaries. Tough, resilient girls whose harsh realities are thrust upon the audience in an un comforting manner are the feature of these latest fantasy films. This paper considers young female protagonists who have to encounter and deal with dramatic and fundamental changes in their lives. These are related to the transformation of girls into women; emergence of puberty and adult sexuality. Central to this project is a focus on psycho sexual and social transformations. The child hero figure is a powerful and profound one that has a timeless essence. And this familiar hope of the child hero is visible at the centre of each of these films. The popularisation and common use of the child figure has its roots in Victorian society, an era in which fairytales were institutionalised in the West. At the end of the nineteenth century fairytales were being written and published in abundance after a period of being directed at the adult elite classes they began to be created for children and the family. Industrialization had radically transformed society and effects of alienation and repression were felt. Alices Adventures in Wonderland (1865)[7] written in Britain by Charles Lutwidge Dodgson under the pen name of Lewis Carroll. Alices Adventures in Wonderland was deliberately created with a total absence of didacticism[8] and is considered one of the wildest and imaginative of Fairy Tales in vcitorian society. The highly successful novel tells the story of Alice who takes down a trip down a rabbit hole to a Wonderland of pun, symbolism and nonsense. Carrolls Alice books (nine in total) were part of a movement which began to expeiement with Tzvetan Todorovs notion of ‘non-signification, which is now an established mode of the fantastic. Epistempological doubt was the feature of much nineteenth centuray literature, themes of madness, hallucinations, double personalities and general splitting and divisions of subjects made up the gothic, marvellous and fantastic literature. Carrolls Wonderland presents a the challenging of self. Identity is unstable, Alice shrinks and grows in size, and the Cheshire cat disappears to a grin creating ‘the plasticity of a dream'[9]. Books which have been adaptetd inot successful films and television series ushc as Alices Advanetures In Wonderland, The Wonderful Wizard Of Oz and The Chronicles Of Narnia series written over between mid nineteenth century and the mid-twentieth century all feature adventourous young protagonists with either have absent parents or are orphans, who all embark on their own journeys of discovery . the poratgonist are at a prebuscent age and are sexual and asexual at the same time, the journeys they take involve gaining maturity a consciousness that is closer to that of an adult toward the end. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz written in 1900 by American novelist Frank. L Baum features another one of the most recognised young female protagonists young orphaned Dorothy Gale. The novel was immensely popular on release and several film adaptations have been created since. MGMs 1939 technicolor screen adaptation, The Wizard ofOz directed by Victor Flemming is the most widely acknowledged version and remains a staple part of American (and Western) popular culture. After the success of the films the idea of Dorothy Glae and the land of Oz grew to become a ####commodity and gained a cultural following, (such as the charcters and icongraohy from the film appeared in the Christmas 2009 Harrods window display) . The sepia colours of the opening and ending of Flemmings film emohasuzes the bleakness and dreariness thta Dorothy percievs the farm where she lives to be, aswell as reflecting the feelings of disenchantment that people felt due to the hardship of the Deppression in America at the time, people cold relate to Dorothys dissatisfaction in her surroundings, they also longed for ‘somewhere over the rainbow. After realising that ‘there is no place like home Dorothy returns to Kansas, and a common feature of fairytakles and childrens literature, the return-to-reality closure is provided. Dorothy, disenchanted and with only her dog ToTo as company suddenly hurricane suddenly seizes the farm and Dorothy lands in Oz, filmed in vivid technicoulur emphasizing the spectacularness and wonder of her fantasy world. Dorothy lives with her inattentive aunt and uncle, unloving mothers or substitute mothers are a frequent character in fairytales, which leaves the protagonist feeling unloved. If we accept the common psychoanalytic reading that Oz represents Dorothys mind then it can be read that the characters are exaggerated parts of herself; the downhearted and self-critical scarecrow may reflect Dorothys low self esteem, the rigid tin man who cannot feel love be a sign of Dorothys emotional repression and the cowardly lion could indicate her lack of moral assurance.[10] however, in the film, it is made clear that her three companions were actually the farmhands all along. The characters journey to the wizard to try and obtain lacking virtues; a brain signifying intelligence, a heart meaning love and courage indicating self belief and confidence. The fact that we realise they each had the qualities they were searching for means, in the case of the book, Dorothy does also. Baum provides a clear message ‘that we have within us the qualities we seek.'[11] Jones asserts that this message is of ‘considerable reassurance to children in the process of maturation'[12] the alternate worlds provide opportunities to learn about the human condition and for self discovery, for the reader-audience aswell as for the protagonist. The return to Kansas which acts as closure, therefore rejects fantasy by sentamentalizing it[13] and ignoring its subve rsive implications. Dorothys wish to return to Kansas is fulfilled and Aunt Ems joy at having Dorothy return emphasizes Dprothys conscious contentment as shebecomes a maternal and affectionate mother figure. Has Kansas changed and has Dorothy transformed? Dorothy is transported to the splendorous and green world of Oz out of the dreariness of Kansaa, yet she wishes for return and so home is never far away. Dorothy cannot leave Oz until she completes tasks, which include killing witches, thus she a fantasy world provides immense powers, she must then find the wizard. The fact taht she can only return to Knasa after learning of the enchantments and dangers of Oz alludes to the fact that fantasy is about confronting as oppose ot evading reality. C. S. Lewis presented Gary Westfahl observes the long-established concern with the romantic child; ‘western tradition has long honoured children as being purer and naturally better than adults because they have not yet been corrupted by worldly ways; they lie in William Blakes blessed world of innocence, not his wicked world of experience'[14] The image of the child as being closer to God than the adult, is set against the adult who is morally unclean due to the corruption of wicked experience appeared in much religious ritual and ancient myth. Children traditionally said to represent innocence[15]. It is interesting to note that the word ‘innocence is cognate with noxious and derives from Latin nocere ‘to harm (Stein) innocence then is the condition of being unharmed,[16] which is where the fascination with the idea of the child arose. The opposite of innocence then is experience, which gives us the title of William Blakes Songs of Innocence and of Experience. Blake sets up powerful binaries of childhood innocence and adults as experienced thus spiritually harmed, this literature has had a powerful influence on and reflected Victorian societys attitudes. The passage assumes a world in which any experience is dangerous to the soul. Marina Warner, a writer and mythographer has contributed significantly to the theory of film which has a relatively short lived history. She brings an understanding of modes of narration and codes of representation which distinguish the medium as ones that are prefigured by an extensive history of cultural production, greatly influencing the medium. With a strong affinity to writer Angela Carter, Warner takes a feminist approach to the study of fairytale and fairytale on film. Her central concern is reclaiming the cinematic use of the fairytale narrative and making a consideration of its representation to female experience, particularly to rites of passage. By doing this, Warner also considers the child figure in films which are not necessarily made for children but have a child as a narrator. She observes the appeal of the child as a central figure comes from ‘the prelasparian notion of innocence and the implication that children, by virtue of not being bound by adult rationality, have greater access to the world of imagination and fantasy.'[17] Thus the child protagonist can engage wilfully with fantastical realms which adults regard as impossible. The fantasy genre has a close affinity with the ‘Wonder Tale defined by some critics, or the ‘Folk Fairy Tale by others. For all allegorists of a Neo-Platonist perspective, fairytales were scriptures of the spirit, displaying messages of universal love and death.[18] Paganism and psychoanalytic studies, such as Sigmund Freuds notion of the uncanny, have defended the fantasy as something that is fundamental to the human being. In contrast to the above universalising interpretations, the contemporary situation reveals the emergence of a socio-historical school which considers fairytales and fantasy as a direct impression of reality. They are embedded in popular culture, yet are subject to change and transformation reflecting new developments. The fairytale and fantasy are subsequently a ‘tool for thought, a multicoloured skein of images with which to think about the real, both reiterating and shaping the real in restructured narratives, reassemble images.[19] Therefor e a consideration needs to be madeevaut the contemporary situation of fantasy and fairytale in film. This paper explores whats different between these films. Although Gilliam introduced Tideland with the prediction that some people will love it and some people will hate it, he may not have been prepared for the profusion of heated, disgusted and outraged reactions which followed the films relase, including people walking out of the cinema. With 157 reviews posted on the internet movie database, tideland ‘was (rightly) savaged by critics and ignored by most audiences,'[20]â€Å" some kind of Alice in Wonderland with psychic tinge†[21] â€Å"the worst movie i have ever seen† â€Å"UNPLEASANT†, â€Å"perverse, ..†, â€Å"Unwatchable.† â€Å"Nauseating.† ‘Mr. Gilliam descends into curdled silliness. It might be said that his imagination knows no boundaries; it might be good if he found some. A. O. Scott from The New York Times â€Å"Tideland† is rated R. It has drug use, gruesome deaths and extremely icky sexual implications. [22]Owen Gleiberman from Entertainment Weekly writes that Tideland an F, calling it gruesomely awful. [23] Despite overall positive critical reception, there was much negative reactions tp pans Labyrinth, also revealed people recated badly to fairytales that werwe scary, ‘the senseless murder of an innocent child—make Pans Labyrinth irredeemable in my eyes.'[24] And another review argued ‘I dont believe for a second that this is any kind of fairy tale.'[25]more angry reviewers did nto agree with the fairytale genre labelling, ‘Only if we as adults have decomposed our standards so that torture and suffering constitute fairy tales.'[26] People This paper also makes a consideration of escapisms dishonoured status. It attempts to make a contribution to the overdue reconsideration of fantasy literature and film. The overall structure of the study takes the form of five chapters, including this introductory [1] Susan Napier makes this observation in 2005at the beginning of a discussion regarding Japanese anime, David Butler (2009) Fantasy Cinema: Impossible Worlds, Wallflower Press, p6 [2] Susan Napier in David Butler fantasy cinema: impossible Worlds (2009) [3] David Butler discusses and summarises ‘the problem of fantasy and escapism in his recently published and insightful overview of key themes and debates in fantasy cinema, Fantasy Cinema: Impossible Worlds(2009) London: Wallflower Press ,p5. [4] Marina Warner, Through A Childs Eyes, Internal Bfi Seminar, 12 February 1992, P44 [5]Jack Zipes (1997) Happily Ever After: fairy tales, children and the culture industry, New York; London: Routledge, p92. [6] Jack Zipes (1994) fairytale as myth, myth as fairytale, Lexington : University Press of Kentucky,pp94-95 [7] Patrick Brantlinger, William B Thesing (2002) A companion to the Victorian Novel. Wiley-Blackwell. p360. [8] Barbara Smith Chalou (2007) Struwwelpeter: humor or horror? : 160 years later. Lexington books. p75. [9] Manlove, C, N. (2003) From Alice to Harry Potter Childrens Fantasy in England. Christchurch, N.Z: Cybereditions. p20. [10] ibid. [11] Wolstenholme (2000) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. pxxxiv. [12] Jones (2002) The Fairy Tale. p95. [13] Sarah Gilead, Magic abjured: closure in chidlresn fantasy fiction, PMLA, Vol. 106, No. 2 (Mar., 1991), Modern Language Association pp. 277-293, p279 [14] px [15] Eric S. Rabkin ‘Infant Joys: The Pleasures of Disempowerment in Fantasy and Science Fiction (J.C.Cooper An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Traditional Symbols, London: Thames and Hudson, 1978)p16 [16] ibid [17] Marina warner. Cinema and realms of enchantment, P6 [18] Marina warner, The Uses Of Enchantment, lecture at the NFT (7 February 1992) P16 [19] Marina Warner, The Uses Of Enchantment, lecture at the NFT (7 February 1992)p17 [20] Alex Billington, http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0410764/news?year=2008 [21] HurtGenerator(Wed Dec 20 2006 11:39:07 http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0410764/board/nest/56980592?d=61756820p=6#61756820 [22] ^ Tideland: A Girl Endures a No-Mans Land by Dwelling in the Make-Believe, A. O. Scott, The New York Times, October 13, 2006 [23] Owen Gleiberman [24] fmcchris, ‘Devoid of grace, wit, and soul, 6 June 2007, http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0457430/usercomments?filter=hate [25] Paulk-20, ‘Harmful at best, 1 June 2007, http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0457430/usercomments?filter=hate [26] Robert, ‘i waited so long to be rewarded with dissapointment, 15 may 2007, http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0457430/usercomments?filter=hate

Partnerships :: Business and Management Studies

Partnerships Deed of partnership A written document that sets out the business relationship between members of a partnership. Limited Partner A member of a partnership who has unlimited liability. Such partners invest money and have a share of the profit, but play no part in running the firm. Partnership Where two or more people own a business together with a view to making a profit. Sleeping partner A member of a partnership who invests money in the firm but plays no part in its running. What is a partnership? A partnership exists when two or more people own a business together with a view to making a profit. Most partners have unlimited liability, therefore if the business fails they can lose all their personal wealth. A maximum of 20 partners is allowed in general partnership. Each partner is a part owner in the business and has the right to take part in running it. Sleeping partners of limited partners may invest in the business but take no part in its running. Why form a partnership? To finance expansion of a sole trader’s business. A sole trader’s own resources will be limited. To obtain capital for a business To get someone to share the work and responsibility of running a business To add new skills to the business. Deed of Partnership This is a very important document and is the contract that sets out the terms of the relationship between the partners. Benefits of working as partners More start up capital Shared costs Shared decision making Wider range of skills More ideas. Drawbacks of working as partners Unlimited liability Have to share profits Limited capital One partners actions can ruin the business No continuity / stability Hard to get money back Activities 1. Unlimited liability is more of a risk to partners than it is to sole traders because if the business fails, the partners could lose all of their personal wealth, not just the money invested in the business, even if the problem was not to do with them. If someone was owed money by the business, the partnership can be sued or just one partner could be sued. If that partners had to pay the debt, he or she would have to get the other partner to pay their share of the money owed. 2. The reason that there is a legal limit on the number of partners in a partnership is because if there are to many partners it gets out of hand, and it becomes hard to keep track. 3. See separate sheet 4. We don’t believe this statement to be very true at all because, we

Artificial Insemination :: Pregnancy Reproduction Essays

Artificial Insemination There are different types of responsibility involved in human reproduction. With modern biomedical technology the question of â€Å"who is responsible?† comes up a lot more. Artificial insemination is one of newer forms of technology that involves that question, which includes moral, and social responsibility. In â€Å"Artificial Insemination† Munson raises the question not only of who’s responsible but also what responsibilities and rights the sperm donor has and where fatherhood comes into place in that situation. He argues that the responsibilities of the donor are severed from the child produced but has the responsibility of quality, meaning informing the bank of any diseases and family history. Mainly the topic Munson seems to focus on is the responsibility the sperm donor has to the child. He believes that â€Å"The donor’s actions consist only in donating (selling) his sperm†¦ some responsibility attach to such actions, but the responsibility of being a moral father is not among them†. The moral father of a child does not necessarily mean the biological father, but the man that is involved in planning or actions, such as intercourse, towards the pregnancy. Munson then supports his arguments well with the example of two court cases. The case of People vs. Sorenson shows that Mr. Sorensen, even after divorcing his wife, was still responsible for the child even if he wasn’t the biological father. He was involved with the planning and consented to his wife getting pregnant using artificial insemination, therefore was held liable for child support. Munson then explained that â€Å"the sperm donor was explicitly held to be no differe nt from a blood donor†. The other case used was the case of CM vs. CC. In that case CM, the supplier of the sperm was also implicated in the planning of the pregnancy. Even though CC and CM were dating exclusively during most of the pregnancy, when they separated CC refused to allow CM visit the child. The court found the manner in which CC was impregnated irrelevant and granted him visitation rights and parental obligations. The use of this case shows that even though artificial insemination was used, the man involved in the planning, who also happened to be the donor, is the moral father. Artificial Insemination :: Pregnancy Reproduction Essays Artificial Insemination There are different types of responsibility involved in human reproduction. With modern biomedical technology the question of â€Å"who is responsible?† comes up a lot more. Artificial insemination is one of newer forms of technology that involves that question, which includes moral, and social responsibility. In â€Å"Artificial Insemination† Munson raises the question not only of who’s responsible but also what responsibilities and rights the sperm donor has and where fatherhood comes into place in that situation. He argues that the responsibilities of the donor are severed from the child produced but has the responsibility of quality, meaning informing the bank of any diseases and family history. Mainly the topic Munson seems to focus on is the responsibility the sperm donor has to the child. He believes that â€Å"The donor’s actions consist only in donating (selling) his sperm†¦ some responsibility attach to such actions, but the responsibility of being a moral father is not among them†. The moral father of a child does not necessarily mean the biological father, but the man that is involved in planning or actions, such as intercourse, towards the pregnancy. Munson then supports his arguments well with the example of two court cases. The case of People vs. Sorenson shows that Mr. Sorensen, even after divorcing his wife, was still responsible for the child even if he wasn’t the biological father. He was involved with the planning and consented to his wife getting pregnant using artificial insemination, therefore was held liable for child support. Munson then explained that â€Å"the sperm donor was explicitly held to be no differe nt from a blood donor†. The other case used was the case of CM vs. CC. In that case CM, the supplier of the sperm was also implicated in the planning of the pregnancy. Even though CC and CM were dating exclusively during most of the pregnancy, when they separated CC refused to allow CM visit the child. The court found the manner in which CC was impregnated irrelevant and granted him visitation rights and parental obligations. The use of this case shows that even though artificial insemination was used, the man involved in the planning, who also happened to be the donor, is the moral father.

Imprisoned by Society in The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilm

The Yellow Wallpaper: Imprisoned by Society Charlotte Perkins Gilman's, "The Yellow Wallpaper" is the story of a woman's descent into madness as the result of being isolated as a form of "treatment" when suffering from postpartum depression. On a larger scale, Gilman is also telling the story of how women were kept prisoners by the confines of the society of her time and the penalties these women incurred when they attempted to break free from these confines. In the beginning of the story, the narrator, whose name is never divulg... ...s a fascinating look into the mind of a woman slipping deeper and deeper into mental illness. It is also, however, clearly a statement by Gilman of the absurd confines society places on the women of her time and the extreme consequences that befell the women who attempted to break free of those confines.

Information Technology Acts Paper

What were the advances in information technology that resulted in new ethical issues necessitating the creation of each act? BIS/229 09/05/2012 Malinda Marsh Week 1 Assignment In today’s volatile information era, information technology has revolutionized advertisement methods to consumers. The use of advancement in information technology, such as automated and prerecorded messages caused numerous controversies and complaints to the government authority. This engaged the Federal government and Congress to intervene in the protection of the consumers.The Federal government and Congress had create statutes, such as Telephone Consumer Protection Act (TCPA), 1991, and Do Not Call Implementation Act, 2003 that prohibits or blocked unsolicited advertising via communicational devices. This report will illustrate the advances in information technology that resulted in new ethical issues necessitating the creation of each act? The advancement in information technology (IT) has redefined the techniques and strategies on how industries efficiently communicated and convey their information and services to the consumers.However, certain technique, such as telemarketing caused numerous controversies and complaints to the government authority. This enacted the Federal Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991. According to â€Å"Class Actions under the Federal Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991†Ã‚  (2010)  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The TCPA is a federal statute enacted in 1991 that prohibits unsolicited advertising by facsimile, automated recorded telephone messages, advertising calls to cellular telephones or other devices where the customer must pay to receive the call, and solicitation after consumers have included their names on the no-call list.The creation of the act was formed to be addressing the consumer concerns about unsolicited advertisement via communicational methods. One-concern consumers had been intrusive behaviors of calls. Numerous consumers considered a nd found it inappropriate when telemarketers called during family time, early in the morning or late at night. Because of the random and interrupting call from the telemarketers.Often consumers were disturbed and agitated because of the telemarketer calls interrupted important moments in the consumer lives. For example, in the moment when the consumer family is enjoying dinner while sharing exciting stories at the table and at same time indulgin the meal that was prepared by the grandmother. All of a sudden, the phone rang and purported to be important but unfortunately, discovered only to be a telemarketer interrupting the family mealtime together.Furthermore, consumers believed that it was a violation of their privacy. Another concern consumers had was that there was no method to call back if the consumer wanted to respond to the telemarketers. Although Protection Act (TCPA), 1991 created certain provision that telemarketers has to oblige to the regulations and criterions within t he act. There were certain consumers, who wanted to block telemarketers from contacting them via communicational devices.Because of increasing numbers complaints from consumers to block telemarketers, the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) and Federal Trade Commission (FTC) conveyed to the Congress to pass the statute called the Do Not Call Implementation Act, 2003. According to  Ã¢â‚¬Å"H. r. 395 (108th): Do-Not-Call Implementation Act†Ã‚  (2012),  Ã¢â‚¬  (To authorize the Federal Trade Commission to collect fees for the implementation and enforcement of a â€Å"do-not-call† registry, and for other purposes. )†.Even though the advance in technology information has revolutionized the advertisement techniques to convey to the consumers. The Telephone Consumer Protection Act (TCPA), 1991, and Do Not Call Implementation Act, 2003 created barriers and prevented unsolicited advertisements from telemarketers for consumers.References Brown, D. B. (2010). Class Ac tions under the Federal Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991. FDCC Quarterly, 61(1), 84-98. H. R. 395 (108th): Do-Not-Call Implementation Act. (2012). Retrieved from http://www. govtrack. us/congress/bills/108/hr395 Information Technology Acts Paper For many years the Congress or Federal Government had to step into help and protect consumers by creating lawful Acts. Some of these acts are: the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (1974), Fair Credit Reporting Act (1970), Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, (1986), The Telephone Consumer Protection Act (1991), and Do not Call Implementation Act (2003). Presently the Federal Government has numerous acts that authorize the government to implement consumer protection; however, this paper will address only two of them. We will discuss the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (TCPA) of 1991 and the Do not Call Implementation Act of 2003. Information technology has increased significantly over time. The caller Identification technology and other telephone number capturing systems have placed the consumer at the mercy of telemarketers and other nuisance callers. The increasing use of the advanced information technology such as automated and prerecorded messaging to consumer homes caused many complaints to government authorities. The Congress and the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) established the TCPA, and 12 years later the Do Not Call Implementation Act. According to Federal Communications Commission (2008), the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (TCPA) of 1991 was created by Congress to ensure that telephone marketing callers, â€Å"provide his or her name, the name of the person or entity on whose behalf the call is being made, and a telephone number or address at which that person or entity can be contacted. Unwanted telemarketing calls often interrupted something important, and there is no callback number, and no way to reach the caller, to say do not call again. These are some of many consumer concerns about unsolicited telephone marketing calls that caused the establishment of the TCPA and the national Do Not Call List. According to Watson (2008), in 2003 the United States Congress passed the Do Not Call Implementation Act. This act was put into place for the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to create and maintain a Do Not Call Registry for the Do. Not Call List. The forerunner of the national do not call list had a few flaws. One flaw was consumer was forced to register objections with each business to be placed on the specific do not call list. In addition, over time advanced technology brought on the ability to call many telephone numbers merely by clicking a computer key that sends automated and prerecorded messages. The technology was so pervasive that thousands of unsolicited calls could be made with very limited employee time. The Do Not Call Implementation Act of 2003 provided additional protection to consumers from unwanted phone calls from telemarketers. Instead of registering with each business or entity, a consumer has to request placement of his or her telephone number on the do not call list or registry. The Do Not Call Implementation Act makes the Do Not Call Registry permanent, which means a consumer, has to register their number only once. The only time a customer has to reregister is when his or her phone number was disconnected for some reason or the customer was assigned a different number. The two Acts covered in this paper, although an excellent try to eliminate unwanted calls and provide protection for consumers, left areas that required attention. For example, charities and any entity that the consumer had previous business relationship was left covered under these Acts. The good news is that according to Watson (2008), the Federal Trade Commission closed one of the major loopholes still open to telemarketers. With any luck, the days of unsolicited phone calls may be coming to an end. Reference Federal Communications Commission.  (2008).  Unwanted Telephone Marketing Calls.  Retrieved   from http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/tcpa.html Watson, B.  (2008).  Not call implementation act tips. â€Å"Shutting down the   Telemarketers†Ã‚  Retrieved from   http://www.walletpop.com/tag/do+not+call+implementation+act/

Personal Competency Essay

Personal competencies represent a person’s ability, skill, character, and knowledge that develop through life experiences. Competencies are required to perform efficiently in any professional organization. The ability to fully understand his or her personal competencies and using it as a resourceful tool for improvement constructs the foundation of highly effective management department. Poor communication is often the biggest barrier in organizational effectiveness. In a managerial position, development of communication skills is an integral part for managers to build and maintain relationships by employee‘s self-concept. When expectations are known, uncertainties are reduced, outcomes can then be better predicted allowing the organization to run smoothly. To overcome conflicts and effectively communicate with different areas of the business, management uses communication technique to have a pleasant and productive work atmosphere. Clearly defining each position’s roles and responsibilities sets a foundation and reduces tension in the workplace. Employees feel valued when managers actively listen to concerns and allow workers to participate in any decision-making process. This helps build a positive, parallel relationship between the manager and employee. Keeping an open mind and knowing that disagreements can occur help contribute to advancement of a business by realizing that management may not always be right. Innovating and strategizing are the essential competencies to focus on in order to adapt strong communication skills. A successful innovative organization clearly explains to each employee the organization’s vision, mission, purpose and each position’s responsibilities. Making sure the vision is understood, trusting staff members and prioritizing meetings is a guiding light for an innovative organization. Strategizing also is another critical element that allows better communication. Reflecting on the previous year, and current year and planning for future years allows the organization to expand through the use of communication. Communication is the key to the success of many objectives and goals set by individuals and upper management. Recognizing each individual’s personality and finding various ways to communicate is an integral part of management in any organization.

Harlem Renaissance Essay

I. Introduction The Atlantic slave trade caused the large movement of Africans across different parts of the world largely in the Americas, Europe, and Asia. This African Diaspora brought about eleven million of black people in the New World (P. Larson. â€Å"Reconsidering Trauma, Identity, and the African Diaspora: Enslavement and Historical Memory in Nineteenth-Century Highland Madagascar†). The descendants of those that were brought in the Americas, chiefly those in the United States working as slaves in the south, later experienced another diaspora: moving from the south to the north to escape the hardships brought about by intense racial discrimination. A large portion had settled in the city of Harlem, New York City which opened up a surge of excellent creative works done by blacks and became in vogue for some time. This period came to be known as the Harlem Renaissance, also variously known as the New Negro Movement, or the New Negro Renaissance. This was a period of outstanding creativity expressed in visual arts, writings, and music during this large movement of black population, wherein the African-American Diaspora has moved into larger cities. It changed the character of black American artworks, from conventional imitations of white artists to sophisticated explorations and expressions of black life and culture that revealed and stimulated a new confidence and racial pride. The movement centered in the vast black ghetto of Harlem, in New York City, thus the name of the movement. Harlem became the place of gathering for aspiring black artists, writers, and musicians, sharing their experiences and providing mutual encouragement for one another. The term Harlem â€Å"Renaissance† is a misnomer. If measured by quantity alone, it was more a birth than a â€Å"rebirth†, for never before had so many black Americans produced so much literary, artistic, and scholarly material at the same time. If measured by quality, however, it was actually a continuum, the quickening of a lively stream fed earlier by the important works of poet Paul Laurence Dunbar, novelist and short story writer Charles W. Chestnutt, poet and novelist Hames Weldon Johnson and the essays of Du Bois. The Harlem Renaissance created a significant breakthrough, wherein it marked the first time wherein literary and artistic works done by African Americans gained in national attention and interest. Doors of opportunities were opened for such works to be publicized and presented to the general public, which before were not possible. Although its main achievement is found primarily in literature, it also bore the great African-American works in politics and other creative mediums such as visual art, music, and theater that explored different aspects of black American life (R. Twombly. â€Å"Harlem Renaissance†). II. Background and Discussion During the early part of the 1900s, Black Nationalism and racial consciousness began to emerge particularly during the 1920’s. One key factor that helped this development was the surfacing of the black middle class, which in turn were brought about by the increasing number of educated blacks who had found employment opportunities and a certain degree of economic advancement after the American Civil War (â€Å"Harlem Renaissance†). During World War I, thousands of black people left the depressed rural South for jobs in northern defense plants. Known as the Great Migration, more African Americans established themselves in cities such as Harlem, in New York City. They were socially conscious, and became a center of political and cultural development of the black Americans. This population created racial tensions over housings and employment that resulted in increased black militancy about rights, including vigorous agitation by the national Association for the Advancement of colored People (NAACP) and other civil rights organizations. Foremost for this black movement’s agenda, which was expressed in various mediums, is to clamor for racial equality. Championing the cause were black intellectuals W.E. B. Du Bois and Alain Locke. White responses to these developments were both negative and positive. The Ku Klux Klan and other white supremacist groups reached their peak of northern popularity during the 1920’s. At the same time unprecedented white interest in racial maters created a large audience for black authors who began to settle in the district of New York City known as Harlem. Like other black ghettoes, Harlem was a new, untapped source of themes and materials, which partially accounts for its popularity among artists and intellectuals, but unlike other ghettoes it was a newly constructed, fashionable, residential section. Functioning as a kind of black mecca, Harlem’s excellent housing, its prestige, excitement, and cosmopolitan flavor, attracted a black middle class from which sprang its artistic and literary set. A. General Characteristics Not all works during this movement is militant in nature. However, participants and contributors in the Renaissance were intensely race-conscious, proud of their heritage of being black, and much in love with their community. Most of them, some more subtly than others, criticized racial exploitation. Partly as a tribute to their achievements and partly as a reflection of their racial self-awareness, the Renaissance members were collectively called â€Å"New Negroes†, also indicating that they had replaced the (largely white created) literary image of the comic, pathetic plantation Negro with the proud, busy, independent black man of the northern city. The â€Å"New Negroes† were generally integrationists, optimistically interpreting their own individual successes as harbingers of improvement in race relations. Acceptance from Harpers, Harcourt, Brace, Viking, Boni & Livewright, Knopf, and other front-line publishers began coming through quick succession, boosting more optimism among African-American contributors of the Harlem Renaissance. Rather than depicting a new movement of style, the art during the Harlem Renaissance is united by their common aspiration of depicting and expressing in artistic form the African-American psyche and life. Common characteristics can be found among such works such as the birth of racial pride among black Americans. This called for tracing its roots and origin by taking attention and interest to the life of blacks primarily in Africa and South America. Also, such strong social and racial consciousness brought a strong desire for equality in the American society, both socially and politically. But one of the most common and significant characteristic of the Harlem Renaissance was the abundant production of a variety of creative expressions. Diversity was the main distinctive quality, brought about by an experimental spirit of the movement such as in music which ranged from blues, jazz, to orchestra music. B. Primary Artist of the Harlem Renaissance:   Aaron Douglas (1898-1979) The celebrated artist of the Harlem Renaissance was Aaron Douglas, who chose to depict the New Negro Movement through African images which bore â€Å"primitive† techniques: paintings in geometric shapes, flat, and rugged edges. In his works, Douglas wanted the viewers to know and recognize the African-American identity. As such, Aaron Douglas is often referred to as the â€Å"Father of African American Art†. Born in Topeka, Kansas, Douglas was able to finish his B.A degree. Moving to Harlem in 1925, Aaron immediately set to work, creating illustrations for prominent magazines of the Harlem Renaissance. Douglas was influenced in his modernist style under the tutelage of German artist Winold Reiss, a style which marked most of his celebrated works and incorporating both African and Egyptian strokes of illustration and design. It was Reis who encouraged Douglas to take African design into his works which became his trademark (â€Å"The Harlem Renaissance: Aaron Douglas†). Such manner of African â€Å"primitive† style caught the attention of the main proponents of the Harlem Renaissance, namely W.E.B. Dubois and Alain Locke who found Douglas’ works as an appropriate embodiment of the African-American heritage. They were encouraging young artists to depict their African legacy through their artworks. Even though at a time when DuBois stilled considered Henry Tanner more important, Douglas has fairly established a reputation as the leading visual artist of his time. Harlem Renaissance painters are united by the desire to promote and portray the life and condition of blacks, particularly African-Americans. However, at this point the similarity ends. Harlem Renaissance artworks are as varied in style as the artists themselves. Although like Douglas, most painters of this period received formal trainings and as such, their style and strokes are no different from other non-black artists. What only separate the artists of the Harlem Renaissance from others are their themes and subjects. III. Conclusion A. Ending and Significance As a conclusion, one of the strengths of the Harlem Renaissance was also a serious weakness. Because they were dependent on white patrons and viewers for popularity, black artists were not fully free to explore the mechanisms that perpetrated racial injustice, nor could they propose solutions unacceptable to whites. Furthermore, when the Great Depression dominated American life during the 1930’s, the whites, who had been the bulk of the Renaissance audience, concentrated on economics and politics, oblivious to black American suffering. American arts and letters took up new themes, and although the best artists continued to work, they ultimately lost popularity. The Great Depression drove many black artists to scatter; and were mostly forced to leave New York or to take other jobs to tide them over the hard times. Creativity was drowned by necessity. Nevertheless, despite its many weaknesses and disadvantages, the Harlem Renaissance was a milestone in black American culture and the basis for later achievements.

New Labour claims to be ‘tackling domestic violence on every front’ (Home Office 2000)

In 1999, the Government published ‘Living Without Fear: An Integrated Approach to reducing domestic violence', outlining their commitment to reducing the incidence of violence against women and the strategy for accomplishing this. Safe housing is a basic human need. As many women are dependent upon a man for this necessity, the choice between unsafe housing or homelessness is often unrealisable. The majority of safe accommodation for women escaping violent relationships is provided by the voluntary sector with little support from the state. Safe housing is a crucial element for women leaving violent partners. ‘The need for both temporary and permanent secure accommodation for women and children who have left home because of violence must be paramount' (Harwin and Brown 2000 p219) In this essay, I plan to review the history of safe housing provision for women in the UK and look at the influence of the Women's Aid movement, the role of local authorities and the influence of the Conservative governments. Then I will assess the welfare needs of vulnerable women and children – what housing support do women escaping violent relationships need? Do different ethnic groups have different needs? Following that, Labour's focus upon domestic violence will be analysed and I will assess whether this emphasis has produced any real changes for women in terms of housing and homelessness. In term of housing, Dobash and Dobash (2000) developed four conditions under which an abused woman is able to be safe: 1. Her male partner ceases his violence and lives peacefully; 2. The woman escapes to refuge where she can live free of violence, albeit only temporarily; 3. The man is successfully evicted from the matrimonial home, remains away and does not harass her, or; 4. The woman is safely rehoused in another home and is not pursued or harassed in her new location. (Dobash and Dobash 2000 p200) The Government's pledge represents significant statutory commitment to this issue for the first time – do Labour's promises reflect real change? Firstly, to look at the history of safe housing provision for women in the UK. Traditionally, it has been thought that the state ought not to interfere in family life; domestic violence therefore raises questions about the position of the state in the private sphere of the family (Wasoff and Day 2000). Even relatively recently, the prevalence of this attitude can be identified. During the thirteen years of Conservative government during the 1980s and 90s, an emphasis was placed upon the important role played by the nuclear family unit and policy encouraged ‘traditional family values' and stigmatised groups such as single parents. Policy objectives of the time were directed at ‘tackling the problem' which tended to express a ‘problem family' orientation towards reducing recurrences of abuse of violence. Consequently, this approach underplayed policies aimed towards prevention or the enforcement of victim's rights. The feminist refuge movement was established in the 1970s, previous to this there was no provision and women leaving a violent partner had to rely on the informal sector for support from family or friends. Domestic violence was not regarded as a sufficient reason for homelessness and any input from statutory agencies such as the police or social service departments was geared towards reconciliation (Morley 2000). The women's refuge movement began with a few houses offering sanctuary to women organised on ‘self-help' principles. Somerville (2000) notes the influence of the movement upon public perceptions of domestic violence that led to major changes in public policy. Consequently, there has been a huge amount of legislative change. This began with the Domestic Violence Act (1976) which allowed a woman to obtain a court order to excluded her violent partner from the home and the Housing (Homelessness) Act (1977) made it a duty for local authorities to house women made homeless as a result of domestic violence. However, whilst this was an enormous step forward, in reality women had a difficult time ‘proving' violence. Due to the nature of domestic violence, there are rarely witnesses. The wording of the1977 Act was ambivalent and open to misinterpretation, less than half of refuge groups felt that it had improved women's housing prospects (Morley 2000 p233), this was largely due to inconsistencies in legislative interpretation. Surveys such as Jayne Mooney's study into domestic violence in North London (1994) revealed high levels of domestic violence, this put pressure on the government to make more legislative changes. Changes in policing emphasised the importance of protecting the victim and taking strong positive action against the perpetrator. Similarly, social service departments made an ‘about face', recognising the importance of empowering mothers, rather than threatening them with the removal of their children. However, whilst the 1990s have been regarded as a period of significant development in terms of public awareness of domestic violence (Hague 1999), The Housing Act (1996) has been seen by some as a step backwards. This legislation removed the right of those defined as ‘statutorily homeless' to be housed permanently. Local authorities can only offer permanent accommodation to those registered on the council housing list; those escaping domestic violence are now merely entitled to temporary accommodation. The legislation gave local authorities the power to refuse housing to any person believed to have suitable accommodation elsewhere, this especially affects women from ethnic minority groups who could be assessed as having access to housing in another country (Harwin and Brown 2000). Obviously, this had consequences for many made homeless as a result of violence. Section 180 of the 1996 Act made local authority funding for refuges a duty. As a result, an average 37% of refuge income is received from this source but has brought with it its own disadvantages. Women's Aid (2000a) note that some local authorities fail to comply or set conditions which ‘undermine strategies for ensuring the safety of abused women and children' as well as putting pressure upon refuges to only take local women. That aside, as mentioned earlier, the trend towards appropriate intervention and support for those escaping violent relationships has been upwards. A 1992 Home Office Enquiry resulted in a co-ordinated national response and emphasised multi-agency co-operation. There are now over 300 refuges throughout the country offering a wide range of services with specialist provision for women and children from differing ethnic and cultural backgrounds. Before I move on to examining the role New Labour have played in terms of safe housing provision it is important to look at exactly what it is that is needed by women and children escaping violence from men. The Conservative government's introduction of the ‘right to buy' programme has resulted in depleted council housing stock and social renting has developed into a residual sector (Conway 2000). Local authority housing has increasingly catered for a smaller range of people marginalized from mainstream society. Combined with the fact that households headed by women are at a disadvantage as a whole in the UK this results in further social inequality for those escaping domestic violence. Women need good quality housing in a safe environment with a responsive housing management. Access to suitable housing would include: ? A sensitive response to all applicants ? Day-to-day management support ? Specialist support staff ? Liaison with other services and agencies ? Benefits advice/debt counselling (Adapted from Conway 2000 p102) McGee (2000 p91) identified three main areas of support wanted by women escaping domestic violence: 1. Easily accessible information regarding sources of support. 2. Counselling. 3. Help for mothers in supporting the children to deal with their experiences. This final point is a particularly important one. Refuge financing does not take into account the numbers of children using refuges. There is no recognition of the existence of children, and the cost of providing for children, when there may be up to 18 children in a six-bedroom project (Women's Aid 2000a). Additionally to this, children are often extremely disturbed by the violence they have witnessed and the disruption in their lives, yet a quarter of all refuges have no funding for a specialist children's worker. Women from minority groups can face increased difficulty when escaping a violent partner. Racism especially plays a large part in dissuading black women from taking action to address violence from a partner. The reputation of the police is a significant factor in this. Mama (2000) notes that the police appear more ready to investigate cases of illegal immigration than to respond to cases of domestic violence. Despite attempts to challenge racism within the police force, officers on the ground have still been found to perpetrate the abuse via racism. The belief that violence against women is part of the black culture is one that appears especially resistant (Mama 2000). In terms of housing it is imperative for black women to be housed in an area which not only places her in an area away from the perpetrator but also ensures her safety from racism. Women, especially those with children, are more likely than men to be dependant upon social housing; for women from ethnic minority backgrounds this is even more so. The most crucial need of women, overwhelmingly in evidence, is that of safe permanent housing. The refuge movement has improved service provision for women considerably, but is limited by their ability to solely provide temporary housing for women and children. Only by statutory provision can this need be met. This would necessitate significant statutory change. Women who continue to live with a violent partner often give their fear of being homeless as their reason for remaining (Mama 2000), a valid one as evidence suggests. If New Labour is ‘committed to tackling domestic violence on every front'; this is the key area they need to be addressing. So, to evaluate the progress being made. Since coming to power, Labour have been keen to adopt a more progressive stance towards domestic violence than the Conservative rhetoric for supporting traditional families that arguably promoted male control over women. Publications such as ‘Living Without Fear' (1999) and the ‘Break the Chain' (1999) campaign were some of the platforms used by the Government to address this issue and encourage people to access help and support. Early evaluations of Labour's policy response to domestic violence have been cautious in supporting the Government's proposals. Hague (1999) acknowledges that both before and after election, Labour have been clear in their commitment to improving services for victims of domestic violence. However, she notes that there have been contradictions and lack of consistency in policy. Both Hague (1999) and Harwin and Barron (2000) draw attention to the fact that there are discrepancies between local authorities in terms of practice guidelines. There is no national policy to govern their practice and whilst many local authorities have recognised the serious nature of domestic violence, some less liberal authorities adopt a harsh view of the law, leaving many women and children in insecure and vulnerable positions in terms of housing. There is no single government office directly responsible for policy in this area; it falls between the Home Office, the Department of Environment and the Department of Health. A clear example of this is the research discussed later in this essay. This reiterates the findings published by the Government in ‘Tackling Domestic Violence' (1998) which considered how local authorities dealt with domestic violence and partnerships with other agencies. Based on evidence from local authorities it discovered evidence of inadequate funding and incomprehensive coverage (Wasoff and Dey 2000). In the publication ‘Government Policy Around Domestic Violence', little attention is paid to housing and accommodation despite the actuality it is recognised as a key issue. The key point states the Department of Environment, Transport and the Regions has worked with other Government agencies to commission research into accommodation and support services available to those suffering domestic violence. Harwin and Barron (2000) assessed the research in terms of accommodation provision; their key findings, published by the Home Office, include: ? Leaving the family home is a last resort and some would have stayed if security was improved ? Good practice by local authorities needs to be examined and assessed ? Problems with service provision still exists ? Official figures on homelessness due to violence are inaccurate and underestimate the extent of the problem ? In term of temporary accommodation, much is not appropriate for women with children and the length of stay in temporary accommodation is unacceptable The paper concludes that monitoring of domestic violence need to be improved in terms of how many applicants for housing as a result of violence are rejected and support services need to be improved, particularly resettlement services. A key area only to be addressed this year has been that of the Housing Act 1996 in relation to homelessness. Hague stated ‘If it [the Housing Act 1996] remains on the statute book under Labour, [it] is a license for less liberally-minded authorities to adopt harsh measures.' (Hague 1999 p144) With the Homelessness Act 2002, Labour has brought major changes to the statutory program of help for women who are homeless as a result of domestic violence (Delahay 2002). Whilst it makes no new environment for homelessness or housing allocation, the Act does contain some tangible revisions to the terms of the Housing Act 1996. Introduced is a new category of priority need for housing for ‘a person who is vulnerable as a result of ceasing to occupy accommodation by reason of violence from another person or threats of violence from another person which are likely to be carried out' Homelessness Act 2002 s10 Additionally, the proposed Code of Good Practice emphasises the safety of the applicant and maintaining confidentiality. The need to ‘prove' violence has been repealed and it has been accepted that the impact of violence or threatened violence can be cumulative. The impact of this legislative change is impossible to evaluate at present but it does represent a significant shift towards supportive measures for those experiencing violence. The Government has placed a great deal of focus upon developing a co-ordinated response towards domestic violence in terms of multi-agency partnerships. ‘Our overall goals are†¦to see effective multi-ageny partnerships operating throughout England and Wales' Living Without Fear (1999) Local authorities have been particularly responsive to these initiatives (Hague 1999) Examining the wider picture, increasing women's eligibility for housing will not have a real impact if this is not backed up by addressing the problem of residualisation. Labour is doing little to address this (Morley 2000) and could even be seen as exacerbating the issue by announcing in Autumn 2002 their intention to grant housing association tenants the right to buy which will further deplete social housing stock. In conclusion, there have been huge improvements in terms of support for women experience violence in the home, much of this directly attributable to the work of Women's Aid and other feminist groups. The Government's commitment to addressing this issue can only be positive but the overall picture remains one of ambivalence and lack of consistency in policy implementation. Continued lack of funding appears to remain the key issue in terms of housing and is holding back comprehensive intervention. Domestic violence is about control over women, a sentiment that thrives within the larger system of patriarchy within our society Our social order is antagonistic to the female gender. If domestic violence is about control, then our society enables men's control over women. As a whole, Labour's policy has a tendency towards liberalism (with a small ‘l'!), thereby neglecting policies that might encourage equality. It is important to acknowledge the increased prominence of domestic violence, however, fundamentally the Government falls short on its claim to be ‘tackling domestic violence on every front'. When a woman makes the important step of leaving an abusive relationship she faces a society that opposes her at every turn – lower pay, little accessible childcare, and significantly inadequate housing – no wonder the relationship begins to look attractive again.

The Microsoft Case Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Microsoft Case - Article Example Microsoft is trying to become a cut above the other. Its ability to create various ranges of product offerings strengthens its potential to cover the world market. For many years, Microsoft is said to be well known for its anti-competitive and predatory practices. This is the reason why it has remarkably investigated for antitrust behavior. Microsoft defended that it has definitely done what the other competitors would do in its place. Each key player is trying to be a cut above the other and wanting to take control of the market. The bottom line is money. This is how Microsoft and its competitors are motivated to stay in the competition and even want to be on top of the rest. Gaining monopoly.I personally agree that Microsoft is trying to gain monopoly in the computer software industry because of the remarkable market area it has to cover. It is in this reason that imperfect competition is most likely to exist. The other proof is the ongoing investigation it has to face due to its a lleged antitrust behavior. One specific case is the Microsoft’s ability to offer products or services at remarkably lower price compared to its competitors. As a result, more consumers would try its service or product offerings. This can be illustrated by the demand curve. Downward sloping demand curve simply states the nature of human behavior and which simply showcases the principle that as the price decreases, the consumers are assumed to buy or acquire more. Microsoft at the same time holds the economies of scale which is one of its utmost competitive advantages. In the economies of scale more production would mean lower cost per unit of produced product. The marginal cost and marginal revenue are maximized for the advantage of the firm. Thus, this means efficiency of production and at some point Microsoft may be able to pursue or maximize its bundling strategy for its maximum advantage. As a result and under monopoly pricing, prices are controlled by the firm and the con sumers have no strong market power. The people are not the price maker in this case, but the firm instead. However, Microsoft can hardly obtain pure monopolistic power for as long as there is a continuing presence of the Silicon Valley giants such as Sun Microsystems, Intel, Apple Compute and others. Ideally, in a monopoly market structure, there is only a single seller; there is presence of unique product; and impossible entry into the market (Tucker, 2010). Thus, a pure monopoly’s characteristics include single seller, no close substitutes, price maker and there are barriers to entry and exit (Vallabhaneni, 2009). However, what is present today is showing us the fact that Microsoft can har

Juvenile Delinquency and Reoffense Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Juvenile Delinquency and Reoffense - Essay Example As the discussion stressers after serving the punishment handed down by the juvenile justice system, the juvenile delinquent is released from custody or supervision. The interest in the effectiveness of the justice system in reforming the individual gave rise to a wealth of literature particularly in the subject of re-offense. This paper aims to determine and discuss the nature of troubled youth re-offense and evaluate the policies aimed in addressing them. In reading this paper, one will come to know that re-offense is more commonly referred to as recidivism and that several socio-demographic, legal and policy-related factors are involved in its dynamics. From this paper it is clear that reoffending is more commonly known as recidivism and is legally taken to refer to the act of an individual committing an offense after being released from a correctional facility. The interest in determining the tendency of an individual to commit a crime again has given rise to several studies concerning recidivism. Maltz conducted a literature review and was able to identify at least 14 working definitions with the most prominent being re-arrest, resentence and readjust/reconviction. An individual is re-arrested once he is taken into custody after being released from custody or supervision after a certain time. This measure is argued to be dubious due to the fact that the arrestee may have been arrested for a delinquent behaviour that he did not commit. In short, the mere act of being arrested is taken to be indicative of recidivism. A child or an adolescent is considered to have been resentenced once he is subjected to a period of custody or superv ision.